3,128 research outputs found
Peer-to-peer:is deviant behavior the norm on P2P file-sharing networks?
P2P file-sharing networks such as Kazaa, eDonkey, and Limewire boast millions of users. Because of scalability concerns and legal issues, such networks are moving away from the semicentralized approach that Napster typifies toward more scalable and anonymous decentralized P2P architectures. Because they lack any central authority, these networks provide a new, interesting context for the expression of human social behavior. However, the activities of P2P community members are sometimes at odds with what real-world authorities consider acceptable. One example is the use of P2P networks to distribute illegal pornography. To gauge the form and extent of P2P-based sharing of illegal pornography, we analyzed pornography-related resource-discovery traffic in the Gnutella P2P network. We found that a small yet significant proportion of Gnutella activity relates to illegal pornography: for example, 1.6 percent of searches and 2.4 percent of responses are for this type of material. But does this imply that such activity is widespread in the file-sharing population? On the contrary, our results show that a small yet particularly active subcommunity of users searches for and distributes illegal pornography, but it isn't a behavioral norm
A holistic approach to the evaluation of sustainable housing
Residential housing is often evaluated against single or at best a limited number of similar criteria. These include quantifiable indicators such as energy use and its associated greenhouse gas emissions. It might also include material consumption from an embodied energy or resource use perspective. Social factors or qualitative indicators may be evaluated but are rarely placed or juxtaposed alongside these quantifiable indicators. A one-dimensional approach will be limiting because sustainable development includes both environmental and social factors. This paper describes the methodologies that have been developed to assess housing developments against five quite different criteria. These are: energy use, resource use, neighbourhood character, neighbourhood connectedness and diversity. In each case, high and low sustainability practice has been identified so that ranking is possible. These methodologies have then been tested by evaluating a typical precinct (approximately 400 m by 400 m) of a 1970-80s housing development in a suburb of Geelong. The rankings of the particular precinct have then been combined in a visual way to assist in the evaluation of the housing in a more holistic way. The results of this evaluation method are presented, along with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies. The research is the outcome of collaboration by a cross-disciplinary group of academics within Deakin’s School of Architecture and Building
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An extended ice-Age sea-level equation: Incorporating water flux across sills
Summary
We present a generalized theory governing gravitationally self-consistent, spatio-temporal sea-level changes within an ocean-plus-lake system that is intermittently connected by water mass flux across a sill. Our expressions for the change in sea level (defined as the difference in height of the sea surface equipotential relative to the solid surface) hold for any Earth model, and easily incorporate effects of viscoelastic deformation of the solid Earth and perturbations in both the gravitational field and rotation vector (as is now standard in ice-age sea-level calculations). In its most general form, the theory also includes an exact treatment of the evolving shoreline position in both water bodies. Our formalism involves three cases: (1) one global ocean, in which mass transfer may occur between ice sheets and the global ocean; (2) an ocean and lake separated by an exposed sill, in which mass transfer may occur between ice sheets and the global ocean, and between the ocean and lake via evaporative flux; and (3) transitional phases between these two states, when the ocean surface reaches the height of the sill from below (i.e., the sill is breached) or above (the sill is exposed). We illustrate the new theory using examples from the Black Sea flooding during the last deglacial phase (âŒ10 ka) and sea-level fall in the Mediterranean Sea during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.96-5.33 Ma). These examples demonstrate the importance of including the geophysical feedbacks associated with sea-level change in an isolated basin in the dynamics of flooding and desiccation.</jats:p
Phonons in graphene with point defects
The phonon density of states (DOS) of graphene with different types of point
defects (carbon isotopes, substitution atoms, vacancies) is considered. Using a
solvable model which is based on the harmonic approximation and the assumption
that the elastic forces act only between nearest neighboring ions we calculate
corrections to graphene DOS dependent on type and concentration of defects. In
particular the correction due to isotopic dimers is determined. It is shown
that a relatively small concentration of defects may lead to significant and
specific changes in the DOS, especially at low frequencies, near the Van Hove
points and in the vicinity of the K-points of the Brillouin zone. In some cases
defects generate one or several narrow gaps near the critical points of the
phonon DOS as well as resonance states in the Brillouin zone regular points.
All types of defects are characterized by the appearance of one or more
additional Van Hove peaks near the (Dirac) K points and their singular
contribution may be comparable with the effect of electron-phonon interaction.
Besides, for low frequencies and near the critical points the relative change
in density of states may be many times higher than the concentration of
defects.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figure
Sub-millimeter images of a dusty Kuiper belt around eta Corvi
We present sub-millimeter and mid-infrared images of the circumstellar disk
around the nearby F2V star eta Corvi. The disk is resolved at 850um with a size
of ~100AU. At 450um the emission is found to be extended at all position
angles, with significant elongation along a position angle of 130+-10deg; at
the highest resolution (9.3") this emission is resolved into two peaks which
are to within the uncertainties offset symmetrically from the star at 100AU
projected separation. Modeling the appearance of emission from a narrow ring in
the sub-mm images shows the observed structure cannot be caused by an edge-on
or face-on axisymmetric ring; the observations are consistent with a ring of
radius 150+-20AU seen at 45+-25deg inclination. More face-on orientations are
possible if the dust distribution includes two clumps similar to Vega; we show
how such a clumpy structure could arise from the migration over 25Myr of a
Neptune mass planet from 80-105AU. The inner 100AU of the system appears
relatively empty of sub-mm emitting dust, indicating that this region may have
been cleared by the formation of planets, but the disk emission spectrum shows
that IRAS detected an additional hot component with a characteristic
temperature of 370+-60K (implying a distance of 1-2AU). At 11.9um we found the
emission to be unresolved with no background sources which could be
contaminating the fluxes measured by IRAS. The age of this star is estimated to
be ~1Gyr. It is very unusual for such an old main sequence star to exhibit
significant mid-IR emission. The proximity of this source makes it a perfect
candidate for further study from optical to mm wavelengths to determine the
distribution of its dust.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures. Scheduled for publication in ApJ 10 February
2005 issu
Measuring molecular abundances in comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) using the APEX telescope
Comet composition provides critical information on the chemical and physical
processes that took place during the formation of the Solar system. We report
here on millimetre spectroscopic observations of the long-period bright comet
C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) using the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) band 1
receiver between 2015 January UT 16.948 to 18.120, when the comet was at
heliocentric distance of 1.30 AU and geocentric distance of 0.53 AU. Bright
comets allow for sensitive observations of gaseous volatiles that sublimate in
their coma. These observations allowed us to detect HCN, CH3OH (multiple
transitions), H2CO and CO, and to measure precise molecular production rates.
Additionally, sensitive upper limits were derived on the complex molecules
acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and formamide (NH2CHO) based on the average of the
strongest lines in the targeted spectral range to improve the signal-to-noise
ratio. Gas production rates are derived using a non-LTE molecular excitation
calculation involving collisions with H2O and radiative pumping that becomes
important in the outer coma due to solar radiation. We find a depletion of CO
in C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) with a production rate relative to water of 2 per cent,
and relatively low abundances of Q(HCN)/Q(H2O), 0.1 per cent, and
Q(H2CO)/Q(H2O), 0.2 per cent. In contrast the CH3OH relative abundance
Q(CH3OH)/Q(H2O), 2.2 per cent, is close to the mean value observed in other
comets. The measured production rates are consistent with values derived for
this object from other facilities at similar wavelengths taking into account
the difference in the fields of view. Based on the observed mixing ratios of
organic molecules in four bright comets including C/2014 Q2, we find some
support for atom addition reactions on cold dust being the origin of some of
the molecules.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, to be published in MNRA
Magnetic properties of 3d-impurities substituted in GaAs
We have calculated the magnetic properties of substituted 3d-impurities
(Cr-Ni) in a GaAs host by means of first principles electronic structure
calculations. We provide a novel model explaining the ferromagnetic long rang
order of III-V dilute magnetic semiconductors. The origin of the ferromagnetism
is shown to be due to delocalized spin-uncompensated As dangling bond
electrons. Besides the quantitative prediction of the magnetic moments, our
model provides an understanding of the halfmetallicity, and the raise of the
critical temperature with the impurity concentration
Understanding user reactions and interactions with an internet-based intervention for tinnitus self-management: mixed-methods process evaluation protocol
Background: Tinnitus is a common medical symptom that can affect an individualâs emotional and functional quality of life. Psychological therapies are acknowledged as beneficial to people with tinnitus; however, such therapies are not always readily accessible. With their global reach, automated Internet-based interventions have the potential to reduce the disparity in access to psychological support that people with tinnitus currently experience. However, the evidence on the acceptability and efficacy of these interventions is lacking. Process evaluations that develop an in-depth understanding of how users experience these interventions provide an essential first step when evaluating complex psychological interventions.
Objective: To describe the protocol for a study that will explore past, current, and new usersâ reactions to and interactions with the Tinnitus E-Programme, an Internet-based intervention for the self-management of tinnitus.
Methods: Two parallel mixed-methods studies will be carried out with 2 different populations. Study 1 will use an online survey to gather past and current usersâ views of the program. Study 2 will recruit new program users to take part in an interview and complete a relaxation log to explore how well they were able to implement the skills they learned during the program in their everyday lives. The findings from both studies will be triangulated to develop an in-depth understanding of the programâs mechanisms of impact and identify any implementation or contextual factors that strengthen or impede its delivery and functioning.
Results: Study 1 is open for recruitment with a projected completion in June 2016 and Study 2 was completed November 2015. At the time of submission, 36 participants have been recruited to Study 1 and 12 participants have taken part in Study 2.
Conclusions: Findings will inform the optimization of the Tinnitus E-Programme and guide future evaluation work to assess the programâs effectiveness as a therapy for people with tinnitus
Polarization forces in water deduced from single molecule data
Intermolecular polarization interactions in water are determined using a
minimal atomic multipole model constructed with distributed polarizabilities.
Hydrogen bonding and other properties of water-water interactions are
reproduced to fine detail by only three multipoles , , and
and two polarizabilities and , which
characterize a single water molecule and are deduced from single molecule data.Comment: 4 revtex pages, 3 embedded color PS figure
Using a Grid-Enabled Wireless Sensor Network for Flood Management
Flooding is becoming an increasing problem. As a result there is a need to deploy more sophisticated sensor networks to detect and react to flooding. This paper outlines a demonstration that illustrates our proposed solution to this problem involving embedded wireless hardware, component based middleware and overlay networks
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