Optimization of thermal systems with sensitive optics, electronics, and structures

A strategy was investigated by which thermal designers for spacecraft could devise an optimal thermal control system to maintain the required temperatures, temperature differences, changes in temperature, and changes in temperature differences for specified equipment and elements of the spacecraft's structure. Thermal control is to be maintained by the coating pattern chosen for the external surfaces and heaters chosen to supplement the coatings. The approach is to minimize the thermal control power, thereby minimizing the weight of the thermal control system. Because there are so many complex computations involved in determining the optimal coating design a computerized approach was contemplated. An optimization strategy including all the elements considered by the thermal designer for use in the early stages of design, where impact on the mission is greatest, and a plan for implementing the strategy were successfully developed. How the optimization process may be used to optimize the design of the Space Telescope as a test case is demonstrated

Settlement relations in the city and region of Kashan, Iran

Kashan is one of a number of ancient city regions on the margins of Iran’s arid central plateau. The region has a well-defined territorial socio-economic pattern in which an urban upper class has in the past maintained its control over the illiterate mass of the people in the city and its satellite villages through the ownership of land and water rights, carpet-weaving contracts and credit. In recent years, however, Land Reform and the co-operative movement have altered the economic and political balance between town and country, while the growth of a modern textile industry has radically altered urban industrial structure. Rural response to change, through migration or agricultural development, has been governed by an inheritance of land and potential water resources which varies much between upland and lowland. A multivariate analysis of one hundred Iranian cities is described: the occupational, housing and demographic structures of the cities are shown to be related to their location and to their relations, through migration, with their hinterlands. The need for study of cities with under one hundred thousand population is stressed since size directly affects urban growth. In the present case, though commerce and industry in Kashan City are growing rapidly the pace of regional urbanization has been relatively slow. Within Kashan City the grafting of new suburbs onto the old pre-industrial quarters is the latest manifestation of an already established social order, but a detailed areal study reveals that the statistical dividing line in population and housing between the suburbs and the old town, and between urban and rural areas is hard to distinguish. The operation of central-place principles in the provision of goods and services in the region and in the land use and land value surfaces of the city is described

Some Thoughts On The Philosophy Of The Future And Its Role In Planning

Federal, state and local administrative units, both governmental and educational, spend between ten and thirty percent of their time in planning. By its very nature, this planning implies a concern for the future. Many administrators involved find themselves facing the problem of estimating the effect of technological chance and future scientific advances on their administrative entities. Recent space activities, the magic sound of the date 2000 and the woeful predictions of modern soothsayers have heightened the administrators anxiety levels concerning his ability to plan for the changes that will inevitably come. There are some, of course, who see their appointed role as one guarding the past and in their zealousness for the past they, by default, choose to ignore the future. That us not to say that we should not study the past, lest we be condemned to repeat it. In this paper, we will concentrate on some of the methodology and rationality surrounding the thinking involved in estimating the future with the data of the present. The problems and, indeed, the underlying philosophies involved in concern for the future are being examined by a number of national as well as international groups. The RAND Corporation has a very active project entitled Automation and Technological Change. The foundation, Resources for the Future, has been concerned with this area for many years. The University of Toronto has a Center for Culture and Technology currently engaged in research in this area. The American Academy of Arts and Science has a Commission for the Year 2000. Ball State University has an Institute for the 21st Century Studies. Mankind 2000 has groups in Vienna, Austria, London, England, and the Hague, Netherlands. One measure of the United States\u27 investment in the future is the $24 billion investment in R&D in 1968. In fact, it is the size of this expenditure that causes the continuing Congressional concern for partitioning the research dollar among the various allowable alternatives. A recent National Academy of Sciences Report to the Committee on Science and Astronautics of the U.S. House of Representatives (Nat. Acad. Sci., 1969), highlighted the necessity for continuing support of basic research if we are to continue to advance our national goals. This report also contains a recommendation for a more rational partitioning of the available dollars

Developing Team Cohesion: A Quasi-field Experiment

Within military organizations, research findings have lent support to the positive influence cohesion has on group performance in combat and non-combat areas, Beyond performance, research findings show that cohesion influences the job satisfaction, and health of military members, particularly under highly stressful conditions, such as those encountered in combat or extended deployments. The purpose of this research effort is to further analyze the strategies that should be used to develop cohesiveness among Air Force members. This was done by testing the extent to which cohesion changed when familiarization and challenging situations were coupled in a technical training course geared towards junior military officers. The findings suggest that over short periods of stressful activity, with a familiarized group, cohesion as a whole increases at an accelerated rate. Furthermore, an individual\u27s pre-conceived bias towards group formation does not have much of an impact on the development of cohesion within the group

Men and perinatal depression

James Costello describes his own experiences as a ‘fellow traveler in a foreign land’, supporting partners of women with perinatal depressio

Some Thoughts On The Philosophy Of The Future And Its Role In Planning

Federal, state and local administrative units, both governmental and educational, spend between ten and thirty percent of their time in planning. By its very nature, this planning implies a concern for the future. Many administrators involved find themselves facing the problem of estimating the effect of technological chance and future scientific advances on their administrative entities. Recent space activities, the magic sound of the date 2000 and the woeful predictions of modern soothsayers have heightened the administrators anxiety levels concerning his ability to plan for the changes that will inevitably come. There are some, of course, who see their appointed role as one guarding the past and in their zealousness for the past they, by default, choose to ignore the future. That us not to say that we should not study the past, lest we be condemned to repeat it. In this paper, we will concentrate on some of the methodology and rationality surrounding the thinking involved in estimating the future with the data of the present. The problems and, indeed, the underlying philosophies involved in concern for the future are being examined by a number of national as well as international groups. The RAND Corporation has a very active project entitled Automation and Technological Change. The foundation, Resources for the Future, has been concerned with this area for many years. The University of Toronto has a Center for Culture and Technology currently engaged in research in this area. The American Academy of Arts and Science has a Commission for the Year 2000. Ball State University has an Institute for the 21st Century Studies. Mankind 2000 has groups in Vienna, Austria, London, England, and the Hague, Netherlands. One measure of the United States\u27 investment in the future is the $24 billion investment in R&D in 1968. In fact, it is the size of this expenditure that causes the continuing Congressional concern for partitioning the research dollar among the various allowable alternatives. A recent National Academy of Sciences Report to the Committee on Science and Astronautics of the U.S. House of Representatives (Nat. Acad. Sci., 1969), highlighted the necessity for continuing support of basic research if we are to continue to advance our national goals. This report also contains a recommendation for a more rational partitioning of the available dollars