Uso da tecnologia de ultrassom na remoção de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos: uma revisão integrativa

Ultrasound is an advantageous technology with various applications in the food industry. Given the potential of ultrasound, its efficiency in removing pesticide residues has been evaluated to make it a strategy for obtaining safe food for human consumption. Therefore, this integrative review sought to identify and analyze research that tested the efficiency of ultrasound in removing pesticide residues in food. The PubMed and Science Direct electronic databases were searched. Complete original studies published in English between 2012 and 2021 that tested the efficiency of ultrasound in removing pesticide residues in foods of plant and animal origin were considered eligible; nine articles comprised this review. Various percentages of ultrasound efficiency in pesticide removal were observed. Cavitation, frequency, intensity, power, ultrasound temperature and time, and physical and chemical properties of pesticides were shown to influence ultrasound efficiency in pesticide removal. Further research is necessary to improve the conditions that promote pesticide removal by ultrasound and thus guarantee significantly satisfactory results for obtaining safe and quality food for human consumption.O ultrassom é uma tecnologia vantajosa e com diversas aplicabilidades na indústria de alimentos. Diante do potencial do ultrassom, tem sido avaliada a sua eficiência na remoção de resíduos de agrotóxicos, a fim de torná-lo uma estratégia para a obtenção de alimentos seguros para o consumo humano. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão integrativa foi identificar e analisar estudos que testaram a eficiência do ultrassom na remoção de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos. Foram consultadas as bases de dados eletrônicos PubMed e Science Direct. Estudos originais completos publicados em inglês, entre 2012 e 2021, e que testaram a eficiência do ultrassom na remoção de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos de origem vegetal e animal foram considerados elegíveis. Nove artigos compuseram esta revisão. Foram observados variados percentuais de eficiência do ultrassom na remoção de agrotóxicos. A cavitação, a frequência, a intensidade, a potência, a temperatura e o tempo de ultrassom e as propriedades físicas e químicas dos agrotóxicos se demonstraram fatores que influenciam na eficiência do ultrassom na remoção dos agrotóxicos. Mais estudos fazem-se necessários para que haja o aprimoramento das condições que promovam a remoção de agrotóxicos pelo ultrassom e assim haja a garantia de resultados significativamente satisfatórios para a obtenção de alimentos seguros e com qualidade para o consumo humano

Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in honey samples from different geographic regions

Trabajo presentado a la XV Reunión científica de la Sociedad Española de Cromatografía y Técnicas Afines - SECyTA 2015. Castellón de la Plana, 27-30 de octubre de 2015.Honey is a natural product produced by Apis mellifera bees from the nectar or secretions of plants, and has been consumed by many people around the world as a natural food, in medical therapies, and as food supplements [1]. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a family of toxic and persistent organic pollutants that are present in food an environmental samples at different concentrations levels. For the general population, dietary intake is the main route of PCB exposure, contributing with more than 90% to daily exposure [2]. Some PCB congeners are toxic to humans, and the European Commission has recently established maximum permissible levels of dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) in foods [3]. Twenty PCB congeners (# 28, 52, 77, 81, 101, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 138, 153, 156, 157, 167, 169, 170, 180, 189, and 194), including non-ortho, mono-ortho, and the most abundant PCBs were determined in 35 commercially available honeys collected between 2010 and 2012 in Brazil (n=16), Spain (n=10), Portugal (n=4), Slovenia (n=4), and Morocco (n=3). The analytical procedure followed was previously validated by the working group and briefly consists on liquid-liquid extraction followed by a clean-up step carried out using a multilayer column filled with neutral, acid, and basic modified silica. The final instrumental determination was carried out by GC-QqQ(MS/MS), using the isotope dilution technique as quantification method [4]. The results reveal the presence of low amounts of all PCB congeners (between <LOD to 878 pg/g fresh weight, f.w.) in all samples analyzed. The highest total PCB concentrations were found in Brazilian honeys (median of 1423, range of 513-3267 pg/g f.w.), followed by Portuguese (median of 1214, range of 1073-2210 pg/g f.w.), Spanish (median of 1200, range of 458-2439 pg/g f.w.), Moroccan (median of 1022, range of 955-1496 pg/g f.w.), and Slovenian (median of 558, range of 505-626 pg/g f.w.) honey samples. The WHO-TEQ concentrations are far below the maximum permissible levels for low-fatty foods in the UE legislation [3]. The principal component analysis (PCA) shows differences and similarities between PCB honey profiles from the five countries and those with Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260. [1] Blasco et al., J. Chromatogr. A 1049 (2011) 155-160. [2] S.M. Hays, L.L. Aylward, Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 37 (2003) 202-217. [3] Comission Regulation (EU) No 1067/2013, OJL 289, 31.10.2013. p 56-57. [4] A. Garcia-Bermejo et al., Anal. Chim. Acta (in press) Acknowledgments: Financial support was obtained from the Spanish MINECO (project AGL2012-37201), CM (Spain) and European funding from FEDER programme (project S2013/ABI-3028, AVANSECAL).Ministerio de Economía y CompetitividadComunidad de MadridEuropean CommissionPeer reviewe

INGESTA DIÁRIA DOS ORGANOCLORADOS LINDANO, HEXACLOROBENZENO E p,p-DICLORODIFENIL DICLOROETILENO A PARTIR DE LEITE ESTERILIZADO

Foram investigadas as concentrações dos agrotóxicos organoclorados lindano, HCB e p,p- DDE em leite esterilizado e calculada a ingesta diária desses compostos por crianças matriculadas na primeira série do Ensino Fundamental, no município de Santa Maria, RS (BRASIL). As concentrações de lindano (17,9 ng/g de gordura ± 26,5), HCB (3,4 ng/g de gordura ± 1,5) e p,p-DDE (6,5 ng/g de gordura ± 4,4) nas amostras de leite enquadraram- se abaixo do limite máximo de resíduos estabelecido pelo Codex Alimentarius (FAO, 1993). O consumo médio de leite esterilizado pelas crianças foi de 390,9 mL/dia. A ingesta diária estimada de compostos organoclorados (0,210 µg/dia de lindano; 0,039 µg/dia de HCB e 0,076 µg/dia de p,p-DDE) a partir de leite esterilizado ficou abaixo da ingesta diária admissível estabelecida pelo Codex Alimentarius. Conclui-se que o leite comercializado no município de Santa Maria não representa risco toxicológico sob o aspecto avaliado

Pesticides: classifications, exposure and risks to human health

Pesticides are used in the control and prevention of pests, improving the productivity and the quality of agricultural production. The adoption of the Brazilian agricultural model, which uses pesticides on a large scale and indiscriminately, has been worrying public authorities about their impacts on human health and environmental sustainability. Thus, studies that contribute to a better understanding of agrochemicals and their effects on ecosystems and human health are timely. The aim was to investigate the history of the production and use of pesticides, their classifications, sources of exposure and their risks to human health. The research was carried out through literature review in databases to verify scientific information about the history of pesticides, structural and toxicological classifications, sources of exposure and their risks to human health. The use of pesticides dates back many years. During the nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth century, some chemicals nowadays used was pesticides were used for public health or for war purposes. About the classification of pesticides, due to the different biological targets, the agrochemicals market is segmented into different action targets (herbicides, fungicides and insecticides). Pesticides can be classified as contact, ingestion or systemic according to the mode of action. As for the chemical structure, the main classes of pesticides are organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates. The toxicity of pesticides ranges from low toxic to extremely toxic. Exposure to pesticides can occur directly through occupational exposure, or indirectly, through environmental exposure and food. The impacts on human health are divided into acute and chronic form. The prolonged human exposure to pesticides may result in neurological, reproductive, teratogenic and immunological disorders. The results presented in this literature review contribute to a better understanding of agrochemicals and their effects on human health

Aspectos toxicológicos e ocorrência dos bifenilos policlorados em alimentos Toxicological aspects and occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls in food

Os PCBs são compostos orgânicos sintéticos que foram muito utilizados na indústria como fluídos dielétricos em transformadores e capacitores, tintas e óleos lubrificantes hidráulicos. Após serem detectados no meio ambiente no final dos anos 60, em seguida foram identificados como contaminantes de todo o ecossistema global, incluindo o ar, água, solo, plantas, animais, seres humanos e alimentos, o que levou à sua proibição em 1977, nos Estados Unidos, e, em 1981, no Brasil. Porém, sua utilização ainda é permitida no nosso país em equipamentos eletrônicos antigos, até que seja realizada a sua substituição por produto isento de PCBs. Esse fato tem resultado em diversos episódios de utilização, armazenamento e descarte inadequados, contaminando o meio ambiente, os animais, os seres humanos e toda a cadeia alimentar. Estudos demonstram que esses compostos são capazes de causar relevantes alterações, tais como neurotoxicidade, disrupção endócrina, imunossupressão, entre outros. Segundo a IARC, os PCBs estão classificados no Grupo 2A (provavelmente carcinogênicos para seres humanos), com exceção do PCB 126, que pertence ao Grupo 1 (carcinogênico para seres humanos). Como estes compostos são altamente lipofílicos, acumulam-se na cadeia alimentar e têm sido detectados nos mais diversos tipos de alimentos com bastante frequência, sendo esta a principal fonte de contaminação dos seres humanos. Esta revisão bibliográfica tem por objetivo apresentar os principais aspectos relacionados aos bifenilos policlorados em alimentos, incluindo suas características, aspectos toxicológicos e ocorrência.PCBs are synthetic organic compounds that were widely used in industry as dielectric fluids in transformers and capacitors, paints and lubricants hydraulic oils. After being detected in the environment on the end of 60, then they were identified as contaminants in the whole ecosystem, including the air, water, soil, plants, animals, humans and food, which led to its prohibition in 1977, in the United States, and in 1981, in Brasil. Nevertheless, its use is still allowed in our country in old electronics, until its replacement by other free PCB product. This has resulted in several use episodes, inadequate storage and disposal, contaminating the environment, animals, humans and all the food chain. Studies show that these compounds are able to cause significant changes, such as neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and immunosuppression, among others. According to the IARC, PCBs are classified in Group 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans), with the exception of PCB 126, which belongs to Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans). Because their high lipophilicity, accumulates in the food chain and, consequently, has been detected often in many kinds of food, which is the main source of human contamination. The aim of this review is to present the mains aspects related to polychlorinated biphenyls in foods, including their characteristics, toxicological aspects and occurrence

Determinação de bifenilos policlorados em soro de cordão umbilical através de extração por hidrólise ácida seguida de cromatografia a gás acoplada a um microdetector de captura de elétrons

The present work describes the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in 123 umbilical cord serum samples by liquid-liquid extraction method with acid hydrolyze step and analysis by GC-mECD. The analytical method was evaluated with following figures of merit for all PCBs: linearity (&gt;0.997); precision (<12.55%); recoveries (73-119%); limit of detection (0.1 ng mL-1); limit of quantification (0.25-0.5 ng mL-1). The results showed high contamination in the analyzed samples. PCB more frequent was 138 (66.7%), followed by 180 (55.3%) and 52 (51.3%)

Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in commercial honeys from Brazil and Spain

Authors thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (projects AGL2012-37201 and CTQ2012-32957) for financial support.Peer reviewe

Resíduos de agrotóxicos em leites pasteurizados orgânicos e convencionais

The production of organic milk has been gaining attention due to global market demand for ecological products. However, data about this product are still very limited in Brazil. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical residue contamination of organic and conventional pasteurized milk sold in three brazilian states. Five certified brands of pasteurized organic milk and five conventional milk brands were analyzed. The samples were subjected to the determination of 88 compounds (79 pesticides and 9 veterinary drugs). For the extraction of the analytes we applied the modified QuEChERS method and for the identification and quantification of the residue we used Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Series (LC-MS/MS). Results showed that both organic and conventional milk presented only pesticides contamination. Of the 56 samples, five (8.9%) contained pesticides residues. Three of them being samples of organic milk; two of which, were positive for clomazone and one for chlorpyrifos. In the conventional milk positive samples, one showed monocrotophos the other presented chlorpyrifos. Although there was a low frequency of positive samples and three of the pesticides detected were below the limit of quantification, there is concern regarding these results since the use of monocrotophos has been prohibited in Brazil, and chlorpyrifos showed concentrations above the maximum limit residue, indicating irregularities. Our results reaffirm the importance of monitoring pesticide programs and chemical contaminants in milk, since milk is one of the most consumed animal food in the country. Moreover, our findings showed that the organic milk production is not in compliance with current legislation. A produção de leite orgânico vem ganhando destaque como resposta à demanda global do mercado por produtos ecológicos. São escassos os dados sobre este produto no Brasil. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a contaminação por resíduos químicos de leites pasteurizados orgânicos e convencionais comercializados em três Estados brasileiros. Foram analisadas cinco marcas de leite pasteurizado orgânico certificadas e cinco marcas de leite pasteurizado convencional. As amostras foram submetidas à determinação de 88 compostos (79 agrotóxicos e 9 medicamentos veterinários). Para a extração dos analitos aplicou-se o método QuEChERS modificado. Para identificação e quantificação dos resíduos utilizou-se Cromatografia Líquida Acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em Série (LC-MS/ MS). Os resultados mostraram que tanto o leite orgânico quanto o convencional apresentaram apenas contaminação por agrotóxicos. Das 56 amostras obtidas, cinco (8,9%) continham resíduos de agrotóxicos, sendo que destas, três eram amostras de leite orgânico (duas foram positivas para clomazone e uma para clorpirifós). Nas duas amostras positivas do leite convencional, em uma detectou-se monocrotofós e em outra clorpirifós. Embora tenha havido baixa frequência de amostras positivas e três dos agrotóxicos detectados estavam abaixo dos limites de quantificação, os dados encontrados preocupam, pois o monocrotofós teve seu uso proibido no Brasil e o clorpirifós apresentou concentrações acima do limite estabelecido pela legislação vigente, indicando irregularidades. Esses resultados reafirmam a importância dos programas de monitoramento de agrotóxicos e contaminantes químicos no leite, visto que o leite é um dos alimentos de origem animal mais consumidos no país. Também demonstram que a produção orgânica de leite não está em conformidade com a legislação vigente

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in whole milk powderand estimated daily intake for a population of children

ABSTRACT: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chemical contaminants classified as persistent organic pollutants. Although, their use has been banned for several decades, PCBs are still scattered in the environment and; therefore, all living organisms may be exposed to these compounds. Diet, especially fatty foods such as milk, has been recognized as one of the main sources of human exposure to PCBs. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the residual levels of indicator PCBs in whole milk powder consumed by preschool children in the Municipality of Imbé, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and to determine the estimated daily intake of these PCBs through this food. Analyses were performed by GC-μECD and the results were confirmed by GC/MS. The PCBs 28, 52 and 153 displayed values below the limit of quantification. The PCBs 138 and 180 showed mean values of 0.073 and 0.157ng.g-1 lipid, respectively. These values were below the reference limits established by the European Community. The estimated total daily intake of PCBs was 0.110ng.g-1 lipid of body weight per day, a value lower than that established by the legislations of Belgium and Norway