Composição e estrutura das comunidades de helmintos de Didelphis aurita wied-neuwied, 1826 (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae), em três ambientes distintos da Mata Atlântica no estado do Rio de Janeiro

Submitted by Repositório Arca ([email protected]) on 2018-04-02T13:24:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Dinelis ([email protected]) on 2018-04-02T18:50:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 socrates_neto_ioc_dout_2017.pdf: 62456079 bytes, checksum: 71636e0d42c3a4ba4b756b1e0f2f1be3 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T18:50:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 socrates_neto_ioc_dout_2017.pdf: 62456079 bytes, checksum: 71636e0d42c3a4ba4b756b1e0f2f1be3 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Dentre as espécies de marsupiais do Brasil o gênero Didelphis é o mais parasitado por helmintos. Apesar da ampla ocorrência de endoparasitos em animais silvestres do gênero Didelphis, existe um déficit de informações sobre a helmintofauna destes animais no bioma Mata Atlântica. Além disso, estudos de estrutura de comunidade de helmintos são raros no Brasil e nenhum foi feito até o momento para didelfídeos. Os objetivos desta tese foram descrever a composição de espécies e analisar a estrutura das comunidades de helmintos do gambá Didelphis aurita da Mata Atlântica nas escalas de infracomunidade e comunidades componentes, considerando-se três ambientes, peridomicíliar, silvestre e rural no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Todos os helmintos encontrados foram contados, fixados e identificados. Foram analisadas a distribuição espacial, abundância média, intensidade média e prevalência de cada espécie de helminto encontrada em D. aurita e comparadas em relação ao ambiente, estação do ano e sexo do hospedeiro. Também foram analisadas a riqueza de espécies e a estrutura das comunidades em cada ambiente e no total. Foram capturados 73 espécimes de Didelphis aurita durante todo o estudo Quatorze espécies de helmintos foram coletadas, sendo nove do filo Nematoda: Trichuris minuta Rudolphi, 1819, Trichuris didelphis Babero, 1959, Globocephalus marsupialis Freitas & Lent, 1936, Heterostrongylus heterostrongylus Travassos, 1925, Travassostrongylus orloffi Travassos, 1935, Viannaia hamata Travassos, 1914, Aspidodera raillieti Travassos, 1913, Cruzia tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos (1917) e Turgida turgida (Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1919; quatro do filo Platyhelminthes (três espécies de Trematoda: Duboisiella prolaba Baer, 1938, Brachylaemus advena Dujardin, 1843 e Rhopalias coronatus (Rudolphi, 1819) Stiles & Hassall, 1898, e uma da classe Cestoda e uma do filo Acanthocephala, Oligacanthorhynchus microcephalus (Rudolphi, 1819) Schmidt, 1972. Apenas 4,1% não estavam infectados, e 95,9 % estavam infectados com os sete helmintos mais abundantes. As espécies mais abundantes foram V. hamata, C. tentaculata, A.raillieti e T. orloffi. Os nematoides T. turgida, C. tentaculata e A. raillieti foram as espécies mais dominantes nos três ambientes. As análises filogenéticas moleculares sugeriram que H. heterostrongylus e Didelphostrongylus hayesi estão intimamente relacionados. A análise de estrutura da metacomunidade indicou uma estruturação em função do gradiente ambiental somente quando todas as localidades foram incluídas na análise. Tanto ao nível da comunidade componente quanto de infracomunidade total, a estrutura foi aninhada com perda de espécies ao acaso. O filo Nematoda é o principal filo de helmintos parasitos de mamíferos e foi o filo mais representativo com as maiores cargas parasitarias deste estudo. Este estudo constitui novo registro de hospedeiro para as espécies G. marsupialis e T. didelphis, é primeiro a analisar a estrutura das comunidades de helmintos do gambá D. aurita e pioneiro a investigar a estrutura da metacomunidade de helmintos de um marsupial Neotropical.Among the Brazilian marsupials, the genus Didelphis is the most parasitized by helminths. Despite the widespread occurrence of endoparasites in wild animals of the genus Didelphis, there is a lack of information on the helminths of these animals in the Atlantic Forest biome. In addition, studies of community structure of helminths are rare in Brazil and none have been done so far for didelphids. The objectives of this thesis were to describe the species composition and to analyse the structure of the helminth communities of the Atlantic Forest common opossum Didelphis aurita at the scales of infracommunity and component communities, considering three environments, peridomicile, sylvatic and rural in the State of Rio de Janeiro. All helminths recovered were counted, fixed and identified. The spatial distribution, mean abundance, mean intensity and prevalence of each helminth species found in D. aurita were analysed and compared in relation to the type of environment, season and host gender. Species richness and the structure of the communities in each environment and in the entire study were also analysed. Seventy three specimens of D. aurita were captured throughout the study Fourteen species of helminths were collected, nine of the phylum Nematoda: Trichuris minuta Rudolphi, 1819, Trichuris didelphis Bibero, 1959, Globocephalus marsupialis Freitas & Lent, 1936, Heterostrongylus heterostrongylus Travassos, 1925, Travassostrongylus orloffi Travassos, 1935, Viannaia hamata Travassos, 1914, Aspidodera raillieti Travassos, 1913, Cruzia tentaculata (Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos (1917) and Turgida turgida (Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1919; four of the phylum Platyhelminthes (three species of Trematoda: Duboisiella prolaba Baer, 1938, Brachylaemus advena Dujardin, 1843 and Rhopalias coronatus (Rudolphi, 1819) Stiles & Hassall, 1898, and one of the class Cestoda and one of the phylum Acanthocephala, Oligacanthorhynchus microcephalus (Rudolphi, 1819) Schmidt, 1972. Only 4.1% were not infected, and 95.9% were infected with the seven most abundant helminths. The most abundant species were V. hamata, T. cruzi, C. tentaculata and T. orloffi. The nematodes T. turgida, C. tentaculata and A. raillieti were the most dominant species in the three environments. The molecular phylogenetic analyses suggested that H. heterostrongylus and Didelphostrongylus hayesi are closely related. The analysis of the metacommunity structure indicated a structured pattern as a function of the environmental gradient only when all localities were pulled together. In both, total infracommunity and total component community levels, nested structures with random species loss were observed. The phylum Nematoda phylum is the most importatn phylum of helminth parasites of mammals and was the most representative phylum with the highest parasitic loads of this study. This study constitutes a new host record for the species G. marsupialis and T. didelphis, it was the first to analyse the structure of the helminth communities of the common opossum D. aurita, and pioneer to investigate the structure of the helminth metacommunity of a Neotropical marsupial

Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae en Amblyomma parvum parasitando humanos en un refugio forestal de gran altitud dentro del bioma Caatinga, Brasil

Objective. Report tick species parasitizing humans in an area of the Caatinga semiarid biome, northeastern Brazil, with note of rickettsial infection. Materials and methods. All ticks were identified morphologically under stereomicroscope. Some of the collected ticks were tested molecularly for the presence of DNA of bacteria of the genus Rickettsia. Ticks were submitted individually to DNA extraction (citrate synthase gene [gltA] and outer membrane protein gene [ompA]). Results. A total of 78 ticks were collected on humans, identified as adults of Amblyomma parvum (62 females and 16 males). Of these, 15 females were infected by ‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae’. Conclusions. The present study confirms one more area at human risk for tick bites in Brazil, also from the non-pathogenic rickettsia 'Ca. Rickettsia andeanae'Objetivo. Informe sobre especies de garrapatas que parasitan a los humanos en un área del bioma semiárido de Caatinga, noreste de Brasil, con nota de infección por rickettsias. Materiales y métodos. Todas las garrapatas se identificaron morfológicamente con estereomicroscopio. Algunas de las garrapatas recolectadas se analizaron molecularmente para detectar la presencia de ADN de bacterias del género Rickettsia. Las garrapatas se sometieron individualmente a la extracción de ADN (gen de la citrato sintasa [gltA] y gen de la proteína de la membrana externa [ompA]). Resultados. Se recolectaron un total de 78 garrapatas en humanos, identificadas como adultos de Amblyomma parvum (62 hembras y 16 machos). De estas, 15 mujeres fueron infectadas por ‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae’. Conclusiones. El presente estudio confirma una zona más de riesgo humano de picaduras de garrapatas en Brasil, también de la rickettsia no patógena 'Ca. Rickettsia andeanae

High prevalence of ‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae’ in Ambyomma parvum ticks attached to humans in the Caatinga biome, Brazil

Objetivo. Informe sobre especies de garrapatas que parasitan a los humanos en un área del bioma semiárido de Caatinga, noreste de Brasil, con nota de infección por rickettsias. Materiales y métodos. Todas las garrapatas se identificaron morfológicamente con estereomicroscopio. Algunas de las garrapatas recolectadas se analizaron molecularmente para detectar la presencia de ADN de bacterias del género Rickettsia. Las garrapatas se sometieron individualmente a la extracción de ADN (gen de la citrato sintasa [gltA] y gen de la proteína de la membrana externa [ompA]). Resultados. Se recolectaron un total de 78 garrapatas en humanos, identificadas como adultos de Amblyomma parvum (62 hembras y 16 machos). De estas, 15 mujeres fueron infectadas por ‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae’. Conclusiones. El presente estudio confirma una zona más de riesgo humano de picaduras de garrapatas en Brasil, también de la rickettsia no patógena 'Ca. Rickettsia andeanae'Objective. Report tick species parasitizing humans in an area of the Caatinga semiarid biome, northeastern Brazil, with note of rickettsial infection. Materials and methods. All ticks were identified morphologically under stereomicroscope. Some of the collected ticks were tested molecularly for the presence of DNA of bacteria of the genus Rickettsia. Ticks were submitted individually to DNA extraction (citrate synthase gene [gltA] and outer membrane protein gene [ompA]). Results. A total of 78 ticks were collected on humans, identified as adults of Amblyomma parvum (62 females and 16 males). Of these, 15 females were infected by ‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae’. Conclusions. The present study confirms one more area at human risk for tick bites in Brazil, also from the non-pathogenic rickettsia 'Ca. Rickettsia andeanae

Bats from the Pedra Branca Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The Pedra Branca Forest is located in a highly-urbanised region of the central portion of Rio de Janeiro City, comprises the largest urban forest on the continent and is isolated from other Atlantic Forest remnants. The local flora and fauna are protected by three conservation units (Pedra Branca State Park, Prainha Municipal Natural Park and Guaratiba State Biological Reserve) and one biological station (Fiocruz Atlantic Forest Biological Station—EFMA). Here, we provide an updated list of the bat fauna for the remnant. The results are based on samplings at EFMA and literature data from Pedra Branca State Park and Prainha Natural Park. The three sampling sites combined resulted in 31 species, 23 genera and four families. Phyllostomidae was the richest family with 24 species, followed by Vespertilionidae with five species (3%) and Molossidae and Noctilionidae with one species. The local bat fauna was predominantly composed of species with a broad geographic distribution