Análisis trófico de la herpetofauna de la localidad de Alto Alegre (Depto. Unión, Córdoba, Argentina)

Se realizó un estudio para comparar las dietas y analizar el solapamiento del subnicho trófico de nueve anuros: Rhinella arenarum, Rhinella fernandezae, Leptodactylus gracilis, Leptodactylus latinasus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans, Odontoprhynus americanus, Scinax nasicus, y Elachistocleis bicolor y dos escamados: Cercosaura schreibersi y Mabuya dorsivittata; de la localidad de Alto Alegre, provincia de Córdoba. A los individuos recolectados se les realizaron mediciones morfométricas y se les analizó el contenido estomacal. Las presas fueron determinadas hasta el nivel taxonómico más bajo posible. Se analizó la dieta según numerosidad, volumen y frecuencia. Para comparar las dietas entre las especies se aplicó el índice de similitud de Morisita. Se obtuvieron agrupamientos con muy bajo solapamiento entre: a) Cercosaura schreibersi con Scinax nasicus, b) Mabuya dorsivittata, Odontoprhynus americanus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans y Leptodactylus latinasus c) Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae y Rhinella arenarum y d) Leptodactylus latrans, Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae y Rhinella arenarum. No hubo relación entre el tamaño del depredador y el de la presa, excepto en L. gracilis, L. latinasus, O. americanus y M. dorsivittata. Algunas especies son especialistas como Elachistocleis bicolor, Odontophrynus americanus y Rhinella fernandezae, otros generalistas como Leptodactylus latrans, Mabuya dorsivittata y Scinax nasicus y el resto presentan preferencias intermedias.We performed a study to compare and analyze the trophic subniche overlap of nine anurans, Rhinella arenarum, Rhinella fernandezae, Leptodactylus gracilis, Leptodactylus latinasus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans, Odontoprhynus americanus, Scinax nasicus, Elachistocleis bicolor, and two lizards: Cercosaura schreibersi and Mabuya dorsivittata; in the locality of Alto Alegre, province of Córdoba. Morphometric measurements were conducted on the collected individuals, and their stomach contents were analyzed. Preys were determined to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Diets were analyzed by numerosity, volume and frequency. We applied Morisita's similarity index to compare diets. We obtained groups with low level of overlapping: a) Cercosaura schreibersi, and Scinax nasicus, b) Mabuya dorsivittata, Odontoprhynus americanus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans, and Leptodactylus latinasus c) Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae and Rhinella arenarum and d) Leptodactylus latrans, Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae, and Rhinella arenarum. We did not find relationships between predator and prey size, except for L. gracilis, L. latinasus, O. americanus, and M. dorsivittata. Some species were specialist feeders like Elachistocleis bicolor, Odontophrynus americanus, and Rhinella fernandezae, others were generalist feeders such as Leptodactylus latrans, Mabuya dorsivittata, and Scinax nasicus and the reminder species had an intermediate foraging tactic.Asociación Herpetológica Argentina (AHA

Análisis trófico de la herpetofauna de la localidad de Alto Alegre (Depto. Unión, Córdoba, Argentina)

Se realizó un estudio para comparar las dietas y analizar el solapamiento del subnicho trófico de nueve anuros: Rhinella arenarum, Rhinella fernandezae, Leptodactylus gracilis, Leptodactylus latinasus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans, Odontoprhynus americanus, Scinax nasicus, y Elachistocleis bicolor y dos escamados: Cercosaura schreibersi y Mabuya dorsivittata; de la localidad de Alto Alegre, provincia de Córdoba. A los individuos recolectados se les realizaron mediciones morfométricas y se les analizó el contenido estomacal. Las presas fueron determinadas hasta el nivel taxonómico más bajo posible. Se analizó la dieta según numerosidad, volumen y frecuencia. Para comparar las dietas entre las especies se aplicó el índice de similitud de Morisita. Se obtuvieron agrupamientos con muy bajo solapamiento entre: a) Cercosaura schreibersi con Scinax nasicus, b) Mabuya dorsivittata, Odontoprhynus americanus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans y Leptodactylus latinasus c) Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae y Rhinella arenarum y d) Leptodactylus latrans, Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae y Rhinella arenarum. No hubo relación entre el tamaño del depredador y el de la presa, excepto en L. gracilis, L. latinasus, O. americanus y M. dorsivittata. Algunas especies son especialistas como Elachistocleis bicolor, Odontophrynus americanus y Rhinella fernandezae, otros generalistas como Leptodactylus latrans, Mabuya dorsivittata y Scinax nasicus y el resto presentan preferencias intermedias.We performed a study to compare and analyze the trophic subniche overlap of nine anurans, Rhinella arenarum, Rhinella fernandezae, Leptodactylus gracilis, Leptodactylus latinasus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans, Odontoprhynus americanus, Scinax nasicus, Elachistocleis bicolor, and two lizards: Cercosaura schreibersi and Mabuya dorsivittata; in the locality of Alto Alegre, province of Córdoba. Morphometric measurements were conducted on the collected individuals, and their stomach contents were analyzed. Preys were determined to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Diets were analyzed by numerosity, volume and frequency. We applied Morisita's similarity index to compare diets. We obtained groups with low level of overlapping: a) Cercosaura schreibersi, and Scinax nasicus, b) Mabuya dorsivittata, Odontoprhynus americanus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans, and Leptodactylus latinasus c) Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae and Rhinella arenarum and d) Leptodactylus latrans, Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae, and Rhinella arenarum. We did not find relationships between predator and prey size, except for L. gracilis, L. latinasus, O. americanus, and M. dorsivittata. Some species were specialist feeders like Elachistocleis bicolor, Odontophrynus americanus, and Rhinella fernandezae, others were generalist feeders such as Leptodactylus latrans, Mabuya dorsivittata, and Scinax nasicus and the reminder species had an intermediate foraging tactic.Asociación Herpetológica Argentina (AHA

Análisis trófico de la herpetofauna de la localidad de Alto Alegre (Depto. Unión, Córdoba, Argentina)

Se realizó un estudio para comparar las dietas y analizar el solapamiento del subnicho trófico de nueve anuros: Rhinella arenarum, Rhinella fernandezae, Leptodactylus gracilis, Leptodactylus latinasus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans, Odontoprhynus americanus, Scinax nasicus, y Elachistocleis bicolor y dos escamados: Cercosaura schreibersi y Mabuya dorsivittata; de la localidad de Alto Alegre, provincia de Córdoba. A los individuos recolectados se les realizaron mediciones morfométricas y se les analizó el contenido estomacal. Las presas fueron determinadas hasta el nivel taxonómico más bajo posible. Se analizó la dieta según numerosidad, volumen y frecuencia. Para comparar las dietas entre las especies se aplicó el índice de similitud de Morisita. Se obtuvieron agrupamientos con muy bajo solapamiento entre: a) Cercosaura schreibersi con Scinax nasicus, b) Mabuya dorsivittata, Odontoprhynus americanus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans y Leptodactylus latinasus c) Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae y Rhinella arenarum y d) Leptodactylus latrans, Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae y Rhinella arenarum. No hubo relación entre el tamaño del depredador y el de la presa, excepto en L. gracilis, L. latinasus, O. americanus y M. dorsivittata. Algunas especies son especialistas como Elachistocleis bicolor, Odontophrynus americanus y Rhinella fernandezae, otros generalistas como Leptodactylus latrans, Mabuya dorsivittata y Scinax nasicus y el resto presentan preferencias intermedias.We performed a study to compare and analyze the trophic subniche overlap of nine anurans, Rhinella arenarum, Rhinella fernandezae, Leptodactylus gracilis, Leptodactylus latinasus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans, Odontoprhynus americanus, Scinax nasicus, Elachistocleis bicolor, and two lizards: Cercosaura schreibersi and Mabuya dorsivittata; in the locality of Alto Alegre, province of Córdoba. Morphometric measurements were conducted on the collected individuals, and their stomach contents were analyzed. Preys were determined to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Diets were analyzed by numerosity, volume and frequency. We applied Morisita's similarity index to compare diets. We obtained groups with low level of overlapping: a) Cercosaura schreibersi, and Scinax nasicus, b) Mabuya dorsivittata, Odontoprhynus americanus, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus latrans, and Leptodactylus latinasus c) Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae and Rhinella arenarum and d) Leptodactylus latrans, Elachistocleis bicolor, Rhinella fernandezae, and Rhinella arenarum. We did not find relationships between predator and prey size, except for L. gracilis, L. latinasus, O. americanus, and M. dorsivittata. Some species were specialist feeders like Elachistocleis bicolor, Odontophrynus americanus, and Rhinella fernandezae, others were generalist feeders such as Leptodactylus latrans, Mabuya dorsivittata, and Scinax nasicus and the reminder species had an intermediate foraging tactic.Asociación Herpetológica Argentina (AHA

Exopolysaccharide II Is Relevant for the Survival of Sinorhizobium meliloti under Water Deficiency and Salinity Stress

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium of great agricultural importance because of its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic association with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) roots. We looked into the involvement of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in its survival when exposed to different environmental stressors, as well as in bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-substrate interactions. The strains used were wild-type Rm8530 and two strains that are defective in the biosynthesis of EPS II: wild-type Rm1021, which has a non-functional expR locus, and mutant Rm8530 expA. Under stress by water deficiency, Rm8530 remained viable and increased in number, whereas Rm1021 and Rm8530 expA did not. These differences could be due to Rm8530's ability to produce EPS II. Survival experiments under saline stress showed that viability was reduced for Rm1021 but not for Rm8530 or Rm8530 expA, which suggests the existence of some regulating mechanism dependent on a functional expR that is absent in Rm1021. The results of salinity-induced stress assays regarding biofilm-forming capacity (BFC) and autoaggregation indicated the protective role of EPS II. As a whole, our observations demonstrate that EPS play major roles in rhizobacterial survival.Fil: Primo, Emiliano David. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; ArgentinaFil: Bogino, Pablo Cesar. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; ArgentinaFil: Cossovich, Sacha. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; ArgentinaFil: Foresto, Emiliano. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; ArgentinaFil: Nievas, Fiorela Lujan. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; ArgentinaFil: Giordano, Walter Fabian. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; Argentin

Complete Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. Strain C-145, a Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobacterium Used as a Peanut Inoculant in Argentina

We present the complete genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain C-145, one of the most widely used nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria for inoculating peanut crops in Argentina. The genome consists of 9.53 Mbp in a single circular chromosome and was determined using a hybrid long- and short-read assembly approach.Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA)Fil: Nievas, Fiorela. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: Revale, Santiago. University of Oxford. Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Reino UnidoFil: Foresto, Emiliano. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: Cossovich, Sacha. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: Puente, Mariana Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola. Laboratorio de Bacterias Promotoras del Crecimiento Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Alzari, Pedro. Université de Paris. Institut Pasteur. Unité de Microbiologie Structurale; FranciaFil: Martínez, Mariano. Université de Paris. Institut Pasteur. Unité de Microbiologie Structurale; FranciaFil: Ben-Assaya, Mathilde. Université de Paris. Institut Pasteur. Unité de Microbiologie Structurale; FranciaFil: Mornico, Damien. Institut Pasteur. Département Biologie Computationnelle. Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique; FranciaFil: Santoro, Maricel. Max Planck for Chemical Ecology. Department of Biochemistry; FranciaFil: Martínez-Abarca, Francisco. Estación Experimental del Zaidín. Department of Plant and Soil Microbiology. Structure, Dynamics, and Function of Rhizobacterial Genomes; EspañaFil: Giordano, Walter. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS-CONICET); ArgentinaFil: Bogino, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS-CONICET); Argentin

A simple method to evaluate biofilm formation in exopolysaccharide-producing strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a bacterium of great agroeconomic importance because of its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic association with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) roots, and it is often used in model studies. We investigated the effects of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) in cell-to-cell and cell-to-surface interactions in S. meliloti. The microtiter plate assay, a quantitative spectrophotometric method, is used to study biofilm formation by bacterial adherence to an abiotic surface. It consists in staining biofilms grown in microtiter plates. Here, we describe two microbiology laboratory classes designed for undergraduate students of Experimental Biological Chemistry, in which they learn about biofilm forming capacity by observing the behavior of both wild-type and mutant strains of S. meliloti.Fil: Primo, Emiliano David. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; ArgentinaFil: Cossovich, Sacha. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; ArgentinaFil: Giordano, Walter Fabian. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; Argentin

Coaggregative interactions between rhizobacteria are promoted by exopolysaccharides from Sinorhizobium meliloti

Abstract Bacterial surface components and extracellular compounds such as exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are crucial for interactions between cells, tolerance to different types of stress, and host colonization. Sinorhizobium meliloti produces two EPSs: Succinoglycan (EPS I), which is involved in the establishment of symbiosis with Medicago sativa , and galactoglucan (EPS II), associated with biofilm formation and the promotion of aggregation. Here, we aimed to assess their role in aggregative interactions between cells of the same strain of a given species (auto‐aggregation), and between genetically different strains of the same or different species (intra‐ or intergeneric coaggregation). To do this, we used S. meliloti mutants which are defective in the production of EPS I, EPS II, or both. Macroscopic and microscopic coaggregation tests were performed with combinations or pairs of different bacterial strains. The EPS II‐producing strains were more capable of coaggregation than those that cannot produce EPS II. This was true both for coaggregations between different S. meliloti strains, and between S. meliloti and other common rhizobacteria of agricultural relevance, such as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azospirillum brasilense . The exogenous addition of EPS II strongly promoted coaggregation, thus confirming the polymer's importance for this phenotype. EPS II may therefore be a key factor in events of physiological significance for environmental survival, such as aggregative interactions and biofilm development. Furthermore, it might be a connecting molecule with relevant properties at an ecological, biotechnological, and agricultural level

Exopolysaccharide production in Ensifer meliloti laboratory and native strains and their effects on alfalfa inoculation

Bacterial surface molecules have an important role in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Ensifer meliloti (previously, Sinorhizobium meliloti), a symbiotic Gram-negative rhizobacterium, produces two different exopolysaccharides (EPSs), termed EPS I (succinoglycan) and EPS II (galactoglucan), with different functions in the symbiotic process. Accordingly, we undertook a study comparing the potential differences in alfalfa nodulation by E. meliloti strains with differences in their EPSs production. Strains recommended for inoculation as well as laboratory strains and native strains isolated from alfalfa fields were investigated. This study concentrated on EPS-II production, which results in mucoid colonies that are dependent on the presence of an intact expR gene. The results revealed that although the studied strains exhibited different phenotypes, the differences did not affect alfalfa nodulation itself. However, subtle changes in timing and efficacy to the effects of inoculation with the different strains may result because of other as-yet unknown factors. Thus, additional research is needed to determine the most effective inoculant strains and the best conditions for improving alfalfa production under agricultural conditions.Fil: Primo, Emiliano David. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: Cossovich, Sacha. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: Nievas, Fiorela Lujan. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: Bogino, Pablo Cesar. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: Humm, Ethan A.. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Hirsch, Ann M.. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Giordano, Walter Fabian. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; Argentin

Complete Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. Strain C-145, a Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobacterium Used as a Peanut Inoculant in Argentina

International audienceWe present the complete genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain C-145, one of the most widely used nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria for inoculating peanut crops in Argentina. The genome consists of 9.53 Mbp in a single circular chromosome and was determined using a hybrid long-and short-read assembly approach. T he symbiosis between legumes and bacteria from the Bradyrhizobium genus is one of the most efficient and economically important worldwide (1). Inoculation of soybean and peanut crops with effective bradyrhizobia is an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fertilization (2-4). The peanut-nodulating strain Bradyrhizobium sp. strain TAL 1371 (NifTAL code) was acquired by the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA; Argentina) from the University of Texas (5). After being evaluated and reisolated from peanut cultivars, it was renamed Bradyrhizobium sp. strain C-145 and became the recommended choice for peanut inoculation. In symbiosis with this legume, it outperforms other Bradyrhizobium sp. strains in terms of nitrogen-fixing ability, productivity, and environmental competitiveness (4, 6-8). This is particularly relevant given the prominence of peanut cultivation in central Argentina (9). Knowledge of the strain's genome is crucial for maintaining and developing further the current agricultural model. To date, although 581 genome assemblies are registered in NCBI for Bradyrhizobium strains, most are draft sequences. No genome data were available until now for strains used in commercial peanut inoculants. Here, we introduce the complete genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. C-145. A pure culture of the strain, provided by INTA, was grown in liquid yeast extract-mannitol medium (5). This was the source for the total DNA, obtained using a DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen) for Illumina sequencing and using a Promega Wizard high-molecular-weight (HMW) DNA extraction kit (Promega) for Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing. Illumina sequencing was performed on the P2M (Plateforme de Microbiologie Mutualisée) platform at Institut Pasteur. The library was prepared using a Nextera XT DNA library preparation kit and then sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq 500 instrument in paired-end (PE) 150-bp read configuration. Nanopore sequencing was carried out at the Oxford Genomics Centre. The sample was processed using both an Oxford Nanopore Technologies rapid barcoding Edito