Metodología para la evaluación del sistema abovedado extremeño según el Código Técnico de la Edificación

La bóveda extremeña de rosca, conforma la mayor parte de las estructuras de las viviendas de Extremadura, por lo que es necesario su conocimiento para verificar su s guridad, que debe hacer según el CTE. En la investigación, desarrollada según la metodología de evaluación de estructuras existentes, se ha comprobado que la bóveda de extremeña aparece en los tratados de construcción a mediados del siglo XIX. A finales de ese siglo, Vicente Paredes publica el único tratado de la construcción sin cimbra de bóvedas de rosca. Esos tratados exponen la importancia del aparejo en la construcción sin cimbra, así como el trazado de la bóveda. De la caracterización realizada se han obtenido la configuración del sistema abovedado extremeño, bóvedas de rosca apoyadas en muros de carga paralelos a las fachadas, cuyos materiales son la fábrica de ladrillo macizo con mortero de cal en las bóvedas, y en los muros la mampostería ordinaria, la tapia, el adobe o la fábrica de ladrillo. Se ha definido el esquema estructural, las acciones y las características de los materiales. Previo a la fase de evaluación, debido al número de parámetros, se ha realizado un estudio paramétrico según el Anejo D del CTE, tomando como sección crítica la sección transversal por la clave, que se ha desarrollado en tres fases: geometría, acciones y parámetros de las fábricas. Resultado de ello se propone la metodología para la evaluación de la seguridad estructural del sistema abovedado. Finalmente se aplica esta metodología a tres viviendas.The Extremadura screw vault, forms the majority of the structures of the houses of Extremadura, reason why it is necessary its knowledge to verify its security, that must do according to the CTE. In research, developed according to the methodology of evaluation of existing structures, it has been proven that Extremadura's vault appears in the construction treaties in the mid-nineteenth century. At the end of that century, Vicente Paredes published the only treatise on the construction without formwork of screw vaults. These treaties expose the importance of the rig in the construction without formwork, as well as the layout of the vault. From the characterization carried out, the configuration of the vaulted Extremadura system was obtained, screw vaults supported by load walls parallel to the facades, whose materials are the solid brick with lime mortar in the vaults, and in the walls the ordinary masonry, the rammed earth or the brick masonry. The structural scheme, actions and characteristics of the materials have been defined. Prior to the evaluation phase, due to the number of parameters, a parametric study was carried out according to the CTE Annex D, taking as a critical section the cross section by the key, which has been developed in three phases: geometry, actions and parameters of masonry. As a result, the methodology for evaluating the structural safety of the vaulted system is proposed. Finally, this methodology is applied to three dwellings

Assessment of the structural integrity of the Roman bridge of Alcántara (Spain) using TLS and GPR

El puente romano de Alcántara es el más grande de España. Su preservación es de suma importancia y para ello deben estudiarse diferentes aspectos. El más destacado es la evaluación de su estructura, y esto es especialmente importante ya que el puente permanece en uso. Este documento documenta la forma en que se llevó a cabo la evaluación de la seguridad estructural. Se aplicó la metodología de evaluación de las estructuras existentes. La evaluación preliminar se basó en datos bibliográficos y técnicas no destructivas. Los datos geométricos del puente se obtuvieron mediante el escaneado láser terrestre (TLS), que permitió el análisis de sus deformaciones y la evaluación de su estructura. También se utilizó el Radar de penetración en el suelo (GPR) con diferentes antenas para trabajar a diferentes profundidades y resoluciones espaciales con el fin de analizar los elementos estructurales. A partir de la información anterior, la evaluación de la seguridad estructural se realizó mediante el método de análisis de límites aplicando los trabajos históricos realizados sobre el mismo y los descritos en la normativa de obligado cumplimiento en España (IAP11), estudiando la sensibilidad de la seguridad a los parámetros más relevantes. Se discute el estado de conservación e integridad estructural del puente y se extraen conclusiones sobre las áreas de mayor riesgo y las bases para la siguiente fase de evaluación de la conservación del puente.The Roman bridge of Alcántara is the largest in Spain. Its preservation is of the utmost importance and to this end different aspects must be studied. The most prominent is the assessment of its structure, and this is especially important as the bridge remains in use. This paper documents the way the assessment of structural safety was carried out. The assessment methodology of existing structures was applied. The preliminary assessment was based on bibliographic data and non-destructive techniques. The geometric data of the bridge were obtained by Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), which made possible the analysis of its deformations and assessment of its structure. Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) was also used with different antennae to work at different depths and spatial resolutions with the aim of analysing structural elements. From the above information, the assessment of structural safety was made using the limit analysis method by applying the historical works carried out on it and those described in the regulation of obligatory compliance in Spain (IAP11), studying the sensitivity of safety to the most relevant parameters. The state of preservation and structural integrity of the bridge is discussed and conclusions are drawn on the areas of greatest risk and the bases for the following assessment phase of preservation of the bridge.• Junta de Extremadura y Fondos FEDER. Ayuda GR15069 y GR15107, para el grupo de investigación NEXUS y COMPHASpeerReviewe

Application laser scanning in geometric analysis: using laser scanning for the geometric study of Alcántara bridge

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Aplicación del láser escáner en la restauración de obras arquitectónicas: obtención de la geometría de la Catedral de Coria mediante láser escáner y estudio de sus movimientos

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Environmental impact assessment of Pinaceae airborne pollen and green infrastructure using BIM

Urban air quality is a parameter that plays a major role in human health at the local scale. Consequently, in urban planning, the behavior and potential risk of allergenicity for some pollen grains coming from ornamental trees and green spaces surrounding newly built buildings, should be considered. This paper aims to study how pollen exposure, influenced by weather parameters, can be assessed and integrated in the designing and building of constructions as other component of air quality assessment beforehand, by using BIM. Based on a comparative aerobiological study at the height over a building (sampled by two traps at ground and at 16 m), a 3D local dynamic parametric scenario was modelled using BIM, and hourly average Pinaceae pollen concentrations (due to the closeness of pine trees to the samplers). From continuous recording (2009–2011) influenced by height and the influence of wind direction and speed was analysed. Additionally, a map of pine trees geolocated around the studied building was produced and the hourly average Pinaceae pollen concentrations were represented by Revit. BIM together with aerobiology can be a novel and useful tool for the construction of buildings considering airborne biological particles. This represents a first step towards the integration of some unusual environmental parameters in urban planning. Pollen grains modelling as an environmental health criterion for the construction of new buildings will allow technicians to avoid possible future isolation points in the design of building envelopes, and high pollen exposure rates could be avoided, creating ‘allergy-free’ buildings

Assessment of clinical outcomes and histomorphometric findings in alveolar ridge augmentation procedures with allogeneic bone block grafts : a systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic literature review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of allogeneic bone blocks for ridge augmentation by assessing block survival rates and subsequent implant survival, including post-surgical complications and histomorphometric analysis. An electronic and manual search among references, was conducted up to April 2019 by two independent authors. Inclusion criteria were: human clinical trials in which the outcomes of allogeneic bone block grafts were evaluated by means of their survival rates and subsequent implant success rates. Seven articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. A total of 323 allogeneic block grafts were monitored for a minimum of 12 months follow-up after surgery, of which thirteen (4.02%) failed. Regarding the cumulative implant survival rate, the weighted mean was 97.36%, computed from 501 implants. Histologic and histomorphometric analysis showed that allogeneic block grafts presented some clinical and microstructural differences in comparison with autologous block grafts. Atrophic alveolar crest reconstruction with allogeneic bone block grafts would appear a feasible alternative to autologous bone block grafts, obtaining a low block graft failure rate, similar implant survival rate and fewer postoperative complications. Further investigations generating long term data are needed to confirm these findings

Urban aerobiological risk mapping of ornamental trees using a new index based on LiDAR and Kriging: A case study of plane trees

Ornamental trees bring benefits for human health, including reducing urban pollution. However, some species, such as plane trees (Platanus sp.), produce allergenic pollen. Consequently, urban maps are a valuable tool for allergic patients and allergists, but they often fail to include variables that contribute to the “building downwash effect”, such as the width and shape of streets and the height of buildings. Other factors that directly influence pollen dispersion (slopes and other geographical features) also have not traditionally been discussed. The LiDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) technique enables one to consider these variables with high accuracy. This work proposes an Aerobiological Index to create Risk maps for Ornamental Trees (AIROT) and the establishment of potential areas of risk of exposure to Platanus pollen. LiDAR data from five urban areas were used to create the DEM and DSM (Digital Elevation and Surface Models) needed to perform further analysis. GIS software was used to map the points for each city and to create risk maps by Kriging, with stable (3 cases) and exponential function (2 cases) as the optimal models. In short, the AIROT index was a useful tool to map possible biological risks in cities. Since AIROT allows each city to consider its own characteristics, including geographical specifications, by using remote sensing and geostatistics techniques, the establishment of risk maps and healthy itineraries is valuable for allergic patients, allergists, architects and urban planners. This new aerobiological index provides a new decision-making tool related to urban planning and allergenicity assessment

Evaluación de los peligros naturales y antrópicos para el turismo en Playas del Este, Cuba

Coloquio de Geografía del Turismo, Ocio y Recreación de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles. Colmenarejo (Madrid), del 17 al 19 de junio de 2010.Esta investigación forma parte de los resultados del proyecto "El sistema de embalses como forma de regulación y aprovechamiento del agua en la cuenca del río Guanabo, Cuba. Indicadores de sostenibilidad" (Código: A/023914/09), financiado por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo y cuyo investigador principal es José Damián Ruiz SinogaPublicad

Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Prevention Committee (CEIPC ) on the 2012 European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines

Las guías europeas de prevención cardiovascular contemplan dos sistemas de evaluación de la evidencia (SEC y GRADE) y recomiendan combinar las estrategias poblacional y de alto riesgo, interviniendo en todas las etapas de la vida, con la dieta como piedra angular de la prevención. La valoración del RCV incorpora los niveles de HDL y los factores psicosociales, una categoría de muy alto riesgo y el concepto edad-riesgo. Se recomienda e luso de métodos cognitivo-conductuales (entrevistamotivadora, intervenciones psicológicas), aplicados por profesionales sanitarios, con la participación de familiares de los pacientes, para contrarrestar el estrés psicosocial y reducir el RCV mediante dietas saludables, entrenamiento físico, abandono del tabaco y cumplimiento terapéutico. También se requieren medidas de salud pública, como la prohibición de fumar en lugares públicos o eliminar los ácidos grasos trans de la cadena alimentaria. Otras novedades consisten en desestimar el tratamiento antiagregante en prevención primaria y la recomendación de mantener la PA dentro del rango13-139/80-85 mmHg en pacientes diabéticos o con RCV alto. Se destaca el bajo cumplimiento terapéutico observado, porque influye en el pronóstico de los pacientes y en los costes sanitarios. Para mejorar la prevención cardiovascular se precisa una verdadera alianza entre políticos, administraciones, asociaciones científicas y profesionales de la salud, fundaciones de salud, asociaciones de consumidores, pacientes y sus familias, que impulse las estrategias poblacional e individual, mediante el uso de toda la evidencia científica disponible, desde ensayos clínicos hasta estudios observacionales y modelo matemáticos para evaluar intervenciones a nivel poblacional, incluyendo análisis de coste-efectividadBased on the two main frameworks for evaluating scientific evidence—SEC and GRADE—European cardiovascular prevention guidelines recommend interventions across all life stages using a combination of population-based and high-risk strategies with diet as the cornerstone of prevention. The evaluation of cardiovascular risk (CVR) incorporates HDL level and psycho-social factors, a very high risk category, and the concept of age-risk. They also recommend cognitive-behavioural methods (e.g.,motivational interviewing, psychological interventions, led by health professionals and with the participation of the patient’s family, to counterbalance psychosocial stress and reduce CVR through the institution of positive habits such as a healthy diet, physical activity, smoking cessation, and adherence to treatment. Additionally, public health interventions—such as smoking ban in public areas or the elimination of trans fatty acids from the food chain—are also essential. Other innovations include abandoning antiplatelet therapy in primary prevention and the recommendation of maintaining blood pressure (BP) within the1 30-139/80-85 mmHg range in diabetic patients and individuals with high CVR. Finally ,due to the significant impact on patient progress and medical costs, special emphasisis given to the low therapeutic adherence levels observed . In sum ,improving cardiovascular prevention requires a true partnership among the political class, public administrations, scientific and professional associations, health foundations, consumer associations, patients and their families. Such partnership would promote population-based and individual strategies by taking advantage o the broad spectrum of scientific evidence available, from clinical trials to observational studies and mathematical models to evaluate population-based interventions, including cost-effectiveness analyse

Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the updated European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

[ES] Presentamos la adaptación española de las Guías Europeas de Prevención Cardiovascular 2021. En esta actualización además del abordaje individual, se pone mucho más énfasis en las políticas sanitarias como estrategia de prevención poblacional. Se recomienda el cálculo del riesgo vascular de manera sistemática a todas las personas adultas con algún factor de riesgo vascular. Los objetivos terapéuticos para el colesterol LDL, la presión arterial y la glucemia no han cambiado respecto a las anteriores guías, pero se recomienda alcanzar estos objetivos de forma escalonada (etapas 1 y 2). Se recomienda llegar siempre hasta la etapa 2, y la intensificación del tratamiento dependerá del riesgo a los 10 años y de por vida, del beneficio del tratamiento, de las comorbilidades, de la fragilidad y de las preferencias de los pacientes. Las guías presentan por primera vez un nuevo modelo para calcular el riesgo (SCORE2 y SCORE2 OP) de morbimortalidad vascular en los próximos 10 años (infarto demiocardio, ictus y mortalidad vascular) en hombres y mujeres entre 40 y 89 años. Otra de las novedades sustanciales es el estable cimiento de diferentes umbrales de riesgo dependiendo de la edad (70 años). Se presentan diferentes algoritmos de cálculo del riesgo vascu lar y tratamiento de los factores de riesgo vascular para personas aparentemente sanas, pacientes con diabetes y pacientes con enfermedad vascular aterosclerótica. Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica se considerarán de riesgo alto o muy alto según la tasa del filtrado glomerular y el cociente albúmina/creatinina. Se incluyen innovaciones en las recomendaciones sobre los estilos de vida, adaptadas a las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Sanidad, así como aspectos novedosos relacionados con el control de los lípidos, la presión arterial, la diabetes y la insuficiencia renal crónica. [EN] We present the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) prevention in clinical practice. The current guidelines besides the individual approach greatly emphasize on the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic global CVD risk assessment is recommended in individuals with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-Cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, it is proposed a new, stepwise approach (Step 1 and 2) to treatment intensification as a tool to help physicians and patients pursue these targets in a way that fits patient profile. After Step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of Step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year CVD risk, lifetime CVD risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm (SCORE2, SCORE-OP) is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual's 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different categories of risk according different age groups (70 years). Different flow charts of CVD risk and risk factor treatment in apparently healthy persons, in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD, and in diabetic patients are recommended. Patients with chronic kidney disease are considered high risk or very high-risk patients according to the levels of glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio. New lifestyle recommendations adapted to the ones published by the Spanish Ministry of Health as well as recommendations focused on the management of lipids, blood pressure, diabetes and chronic renal failure are included.S