Informal wage-employment in urban Brazil

Orientador: Paulo Eduardo de Andrade BaltarDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de EconomiaResumo: Esta dissertação trata de uma das formas de informalidade do trabalho no Brasil: o emprego sem carteira de trabalho assinada. Seu objetivo é examinar o fenômeno da reprodução de empregos ilegais no país, que tem resistido a diminuir mesmo em situações de maior crescimento econômico e de tendência à formalização dos empregos. O estudo faz uma análise das principais mudanças na organização do trabalho e seus impactos sobre o emprego assalariado a partir da abertura da economia na década de 1990, bem como dos principais aspectos da evolução da economia e do mercado de trabalho após a mudança na orientação da política econômica em 1999. Para o período 2002-2008, é examinada em detalhe a evolução do emprego sem carteira e, com base nas especificidades ocupacionais, setoriais e regionais, são identificados os segmentos responsáveis pela reprodução do assalariamento ilegal. Embora o ritmo de expansão do emprego sem carteira tenha reduzido nos anos de maior crescimento econômico e de maior fiscalização do poder público desde 2000, ainda não se pode afirmar que houve uma reversão da utilização do emprego ilegal no paísAbstract: This dissertation deals with one of the forms of informal work in Brazil: the waged employment without a formal contract. Its goal is to examine the phenomenon of informal employment propagation nationwide, that has resisted to retreat even in higher economic climate and bias toward registered employees. It provides an analysis of the major changes in work organization and its impact on waged employment from the internationalization of the economy in the 1990s, as well as the evolution of the economy and the labor market after the shift in economic policy occurred in 1999. For the ages 2002-2008 is examined in detail the evolution of informal waged employment and are identified the segments responsible for the informal employment propagation, based on occupational, sectorial and regional peculiarities. Although the expansion rhythm of informal waged employment has reduced in the higher economic growth and greater public control since 2000, it can not be said that there was a reversal of the use of informal waged employment in BrasilMestradoEconomia Social e do TrabalhoMestre em Desenvolvimento Econômic

Factors that cause women with osteoporosis to fall

ABSTRACT Objectives: To analyze and compare intrinsic and extrinsic factors that cause falls among women receiving treatment for osteoporosis. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study of women ≥50 years receiving treatment for osteoporosis. Participants filled out questionnaires (demographic characteristics), and researchers took anthropometric measurements of bone mineral density, handgrip strength (HGS), ankle range of motion (ROM), and gait speed (GS). We also evaluated the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (SST), and Falls Efficacy Scale–International (FES-I) and investigated the extrinsic factors for falls. Results: We included 144 participants (71.6 [8.3 years]), who reported 133 falls. We classified participants into a non-faller group (NFG; 0 falls, n = 71, 49.5%), a faller group (FG; 1 fall, n = 42, 28.9%), and a recurrent-faller group (RFG; more than 1 fall, n = 31, 21.5%). Most patients had an increased risk of falling according to the TUGT, SST, reduced ankle ROM, and GS (P < .005 for all). FES-I was associated with sporadic and recurrent falls. For the multivariate analysis, the number of falls was influenced by the presence of ramps (RR 0.48, 95% CI, 0.26-0.87, P = .015), uneven surfaces (RR 1.6, 95% CI. 1.05-2.43, P = .028), and antislippery adhesive on stairs (RR 2.75, 95% CI, 1.77-4.28, P < .001). Conclusion: Patients receiving treatment for osteoporosis are influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors that cause falls. Lower-limb strength and power-discriminated participants at a higher risk of falls, but extrinsic factors varied. Only uneven floors and antislippery adhesives on stairs were associated with increased frequency of falls

ANÁLISE MICROBIOLÓGICA DE CÉDULAS CIRCULANTES EM FEIRA LIVRE DO MUNICÍPIO DE BELFORD ROXO, RJ - Nota de Pesquisa

Sabendo-se que os microorganismos estão disseminados no ambiente e podem colonizar e sobreviver em inúmeros locais e objetos inanimados, transformando estes em foco de contaminação, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a presença destes patógenos em cédulas de dinheiro circulante no município de Belford Roxo. Com auxílio de swabs estéreis foram coletadas 15 amostras de cédulas de R$ 2,00 circulantes em barracas de pastel da feira livre do bairro de Areia Branca. O material foi semeado em meios artificiais de cultura, incubados a 37º C por 48 horas. O crescimento bacteriano foi avaliado por caracteres morfotintoriais e provas bioquímicas. Os patógenos isolados foram: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus sp., Proteus sp. As cédulas monetárias propiciam um habitat de proliferação de diversas espécies microbianas que proliferam a partir de resíduos.Palavras-chave: microorganismos; cédulas; contaminação

Higher Expression of CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL21, and CXCL8 Chemokines in the Skin Associated with Parasite Density in Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis

Several previous studies correlated immunopathological aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) with tissue parasite load and/or the clinical status of the disease. Recently, different aspects of the immune response in Leishmania-infected dogs have been studied, particularly the profile of cytokines in distinct compartments. However, the role of chemokines in disease progression or parasite burdens of the visceralising species represents an important approach for understanding immunopathology in CVL. We found an increase in inflammatory infiltrate, which was mainly composed of mononuclear cells, in the skin of animals presenting severe forms of CVL and high parasite density. Our data also demonstrated that enhanced parasite density is positively correlated with the expression of CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL21, and CXCL8. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between parasite density and CCL24 expression. These findings represent an advance in the knowledge of the involvement of skin inflammatory infiltrates in CVL and the systemic consequences and may contribute to developing a rational strategy for the design of new and more efficient prophylactic tools and immunological therapies against CVL

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

UM ESTUDO PELOS CAMINHOS FOUCAULTIANOS: CORPOS NEGROS CONTADORES DE HISTÓRIAS

Trazemos a dança afro para análise e problematizações sobre ser negro no Brasil. A dança afro como potente artefato cultural e como possibilidade de deslocamento de algumas certezas construídas sobre a condição de ser negro no país. Desta forma temos como problema de pesquisa a seguinte inquietação: Como grupos de dança-afro a cidade de Pelotas contribuem na formação de sujeitos negros na atualidade?  A partir desta discussão nos lançamos em Foucault pontuando a dança como “saber sujeitado”, isto é, saberes que estão a nossa volta, que foram construídos há longa data, mas que são ocultados, desqualificados. Não entram na ordem do dizível, mas que podem apresentar-se como uma potente ferramenta para/de discussão. O caminho metodológico tem como cenário grupos de dança afro da cidade de Pelotas. Busca-se os estudos foucaultianos, porque não se acredita na história como se pudéssemos estabelecer uma origem, ou uma linha de continuidade que tem um fim específico. Onde a origem dos acontecimentos é justificada no passado. Desta forma a possibilidade de movimento e mudança ficam presas a razões primeiras, que já não constituem o palco do presente, metamorfoseados por práticas num tempo real de disputa de poder e de invenções. Consideramos o espaço da dança afro na cidade de Pelotas como uma possibilidade de investigação que poderá permitir encontrar elementos acerca das relações de poder, resistência e de verdade na luta anti-racista

Periodontal Health Status and Associated Factors: Findings of a Prenatal Oral Health Program in South Brazil

Objective. The aims of this study were to evaluate the periodontal health of pregnant women and to investigate the association of periodontal status with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as medical and dental history. Materials and Methods. A total of 311 pregnant women were interviewed to obtain sociodemographic data along with medical and dental histories. Clinical examinations were performed to record the presence of visible plaque, gingival bleeding, and caries activity. The periodontal condition was evaluated by Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) in one tooth of each sextant (16, 11, 26, 36, 31, and 46). Results. After the adjustment analysis, the presence of visible plaque remained the main determinant of gingival bleeding (OR = 2.91, CI = 1.91–4.48). First-trimester pregnancy status was also a predictor, with a lower prevalence of gingival bleeding observed in the second (OR = 0.87, CI = 0.77–0.99) and third (OR = 0.82, CI = 0.73–0.93) trimesters. Conclusion. In pregnant women, the presence of dental plaque and first-trimester pregnancy status were the main implicated factors predicting gingival bleeding