Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure

To comprehend the multipartite organization of large-scale biological and social systems, we introduce a new information theoretic approach that reveals community structure in weighted and directed networks. The method decomposes a network into modules by optimally compressing a description of information flows on the network. The result is a map that both simplifies and highlights the regularities in the structure and their relationships. We illustrate the method by making a map of scientific communication as captured in the citation patterns of more than 6000 journals. We discover a multicentric organization with fields that vary dramatically in size and degree of integration into the network of science. Along the backbone of the network -- including physics, chemistry, molecular biology, and medicine -- information flows bidirectionally, but the map reveals a directional pattern of citation from the applied fields to the basic sciences.Comment: 7 pages and 4 figures plus supporting material. For associated source code, see http://www.tp.umu.se/~rosvall

The culture variable vis-à-vis anti-bribery law: a grey area in transnational corporate criminal liability

Cross-border transactions are generating corresponding globalisation of law enforcement efforts. Culture has significantly influenced the legal analysis of anti-bribery law. With the increase of transnational bribery, benefits from globalisation will be undermined unless an effective legal regime can mitigate the harm of bribery. It is perceived that corruption in China is more prevalent than in the West given its embedded place in Chinese culture. It is further alleged that Chinese multinational companies (MNCs) are taking advantage of an unlevel playing field, as they are not subject to stringently-enforced anti-bribery laws. This hypothesis creates a myriad of anti-bribery problems in terms of legislation and enforcement, which particularly manifest in China’s perceived cultural toleration of bribery. Cultural assumptions undermine the global anti-bribery regime and compromise potential collaborative anti-bribery efforts across jurisdictions in a rapidly globalizing world. The Chinese culture does not necessarily impede China’s criminalisation of paying bribes to foreign officials. It is argued that the cultural role should not be overestimated, otherwise the hazard of the ethnocentric engagement with the Chinese culture would affect the ability of foreign MNCs to integrate their global compliance programmes. Multinationals can only mitigate their exposure to criminal liability globally, provided that they comply robustly with anti-bribery laws of both home and host jurisdictions

Manejo de la acidez y encalamiento de los suelos

Strategies for managing the problem of soil acidity without making massive lime applications are proposed. The 1st strategy consists of the addition of lime to reduce Al saturation, taking into account 3 basic considerations: dose determination, utilization of good quality materials for liming, and estimation of residual effects of lime. The 2nd strategy proposes the addition of lime to supply Ca and Mg and to stimulate its movement in the subsoil, taking into account Ca and Mg availability, fertilizer requirements, and the descending movement of Ca and Mg. The 3rd strategy involves the utilization of bean var. tolerant to Al and Mg through the selection of a great no. of ecotypes whether in culture solutions, in the greenhouse, in the field, or in a combination of the 3. (CIAT)Se proponen estrategias para manejar el problema de la acidez de los suelos sin hacer aplicaciones masivas de cal. La primera estrategia consiste en la adicion de cal para reducir la saturacion de Al, teniendo en cuenta 3 consideraciones basicas: determinacion de la dosis, utilizacion de materiales de calidad para el encalamiento y la estimacion de los efectos residuales de la cal. La segunda estrategia propone la adicion de cal para suministrar Ca y Mg y para estimular su movimiento en el subsuelo, teniendo en cuenta la disponibilidad de Ca y Mg, los requerimientos de fertilizacion y el movimiento descendiente de Ca y Mg. La tercera estrategia involucra la utilizacion de var. de frijol tolerantes a Al y Mg, por medio de la seleccion de un gran no. de ecotipos ya sea en soluciones de cultivo, en el invernadero, en el campo o una combinacion de los 3. (CIAT

Juries, Lay Judges, and Trials

“Juries, Lay Judges, and Trials” describes the widespread practice of including ordinary citizens as legal decision makers in the criminal trial. In some countries, lay persons serve as jurors and determine the guilt and occasionally the punishment of the accused. In others, citizens decide cases together with professional judges in mixed decision-making bodies. What is more, a number of countries have introduced or reintroduced systems employing juries or lay judges, often as part of comprehensive reform in emerging democracies. Becoming familiar with the job of the juror or lay citizen in a criminal trial is thus essential for understanding contemporary criminal justice systems in many countries. This article reviews procedures for selecting jurors and lay judges and outlines lay participation in fact finding and in sentencing phases of the criminal trial. It also assesses the promises and challenges of lay participation in law. Reviewing and evaluating the effects of the different approaches that countries have taken to incorporating lay citizens, it reflects on whether the goals of democratic deliberation are being met in both jury and lay judge systems. It concludes with suggestions for future directions for research. The final publication is available at Springerlink

Aspects of livestock productivity in Maasai group ranches in Kenya

Analyzes the output of the Maasai pastoral system by examining three group ranches in the Kajiado District in Kenya, first in terms of output per animal, household cash and subsistence income from livestock for large-and small-scale producers, and second in terms of output per unit of pastoral land