Le procès Carrier

Le procès de Carrier, qui s’ouvre le 7 frimaire an III au Tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris, marque à la fois la fin d’un processus qui a obligé les conventionnels à se positionner par rapport à la Terreur de l’an II en acceptant sa mise en accusation, et le début d’une nouvelle étape politique, en rupture avec la période montagnarde, et désireuse de fixer les cadres de la Révolution autour des principes d’une République libérale.Ce procès est porteur de symboles et d’enjeux politiques majeurs, bien compris par une partie de l’Assemblée et du corps politique, qui sauront en faire un outil pédagogique immédiat mais aussi mémoriel. Il permet d’amorcer le mécanisme de la prise du pouvoir par les Thermidoriens, à travers la construction du 9 Thermidor comme « événement », et la mise en place des alliances politiques et des idéologies qui s’affirmeront par la suite.The Trial of Carrier: political issues, collective pedagogy, and the construction of memoryThe trial of Carrier , opening on the 7 frimaire an III before the Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris, represented at once the end of a process that had compelled the conventionnels to define their relationship with the Terror of the year II by accepting his indictment, and the beginning of a new political phase, a break with the montagnard period, which aimed to anchor the Revolution on the principles of a liberal Republic. This trial is rich in symbols and major political issues, subjects well understood by part of the members of the National Convention as well as by the body politic; both would know how to use it as an immediate pedagogical tool as well as a means for the construction of memory. It enabled the Thermidorians to begin their seizure of power by the construction of the 9th Thermidor as an ‘’event,’’ and the formation of political alliances and ideologies that would later be consolidated

L’appel nominal, une technique pour la démocratie extrême (1789-1795) ?

L’appel nominal est une technique de vote en vigueur dans les assemblées révolutionnaires dès 1789. Cette manière de recueillir les voix des députés lors des votes critiques a été considérée par les historiens de la Législative et de la Convention comme le plus sûr moyen d’analyser les forces politiques en présence. Mais l’appel nominal peut aussi être pensé comme une technique politique, emportant avec elle une théorie originale de la représentation. Cette manière de voter permet aussi une définition matérielle du Centre, identifié à ceux qui votent ni oui ni non. Grâce à l’appel nominal, la minorité législative conquiert son droit d’expression : elle ne menace pas la majorité qui sort d’un vote dont les résultats ne sont pas douteux. L’appel nominal, qui eût pu servir à modérer des conflits irréductibles en favorisant l’expression de la minorité pendant la législature tout en légitimant le point de vue de la majorité, disparaît de façon révélatrice sous la Terreur, comme cela apparaît clairement dans les listes des quarante-six appels nominaux recensés entre 1789 et 1795 (listes consultables sur le site Internet : http://ihrf.univ-paris1.fr Rubrique : « les outils »).The “appel nominal” was a technique of public voting used in the revolutionary assemblies from 1789 onwards. This method of collecting deputies votes at the moment of critical vote calls was considered by historians of the Legislative Assembly and National Convention as the most reliable means of analysing existing political trends. But the “appel nominal” can also be viewed as a political technique, embodying an original theory of representation. The appel nominal suggests a concrete definition of the Center, identified with those who did not vote “yes” or “no”. Thus the appel nominal gives a legislative minority the right to express itself amid dominant factions; however, the undisputed majority vote is in no way compromised by the presence of the minority. The “appel nominal”, indeed, that might have served to moderate political conflicts by permitting the expression of minority opinions within the legislature while validating the majority opinion disappeared, tellingly, during the Terror - this in stark contrast to some forty-six appels recorded between 1789 and 1795 (The appels nominaux are available for consultation at www.ihrf.univ-paris1.fr)

Age-related differences in breast cancer mortality according to race/ethnicity, insurance, and socioeconomic status.

BackgroundWe assessed breast cancer mortality in older versus younger women according to race/ethnicity, neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES), and health insurance status.MethodsThe study included female breast cancer cases 18 years of age and older, diagnosed between 2005 and 2015 in the California Cancer Registry. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to generate hazard ratios (HR) of breast cancer specific deaths and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for older (60+ years) versus younger (< 60 years) patients separately by race/ethnicity, nSES, and health insurance status.ResultsRisk of dying from breast cancer was higher in older than younger patients after multivariable adjustment, which varied in magnitude by race/ethnicity (P-interaction< 0.0001). Comparing older to younger patients, higher mortality differences were shown for non-Hispanic White (HR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.36-1.51) and Hispanic women (HR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.26-1.50) and lower differences for non-Hispanic Blacks (HR = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.04-1.31) and Asians/Pacific Islanders (HR = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02-1.31). HRs comparing older to younger patients varied by insurance status (P-interaction< 0.0001), with largest mortality differences observed for privately insured women (HR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.43-1.59) and lowest in Medicaid/military/other public insurance (HR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10-1.26). No age differences were shown for uninsured women. HRs comparing older to younger patients were similar across nSES strata.ConclusionOur results provide evidence for the continued disparity in Black-White breast cancer mortality, which is magnified in younger women. Moreover, insurance status continues to play a role in breast cancer mortality, with uninsured women having the highest risk for breast cancer death, regardless of age

La Convention nationale au miroir des Archives Parlementaires

Les auteures, éditrices des Archives Parlementaires (Première série), présentent l’histoire mouvementée de cette collection fondée il y a 150 ans. À l’heure de la numérisation des grands corpus documentaires, elles soulignent les « moments » très diversifiés de cette source construite par des éditeurs, d’abord bibliothécaires ou fonctionnaires de la Chambre des députés, puis historiens de la Révolution française, soucieux de dénombrement et de cohérence sérielle. Il s’agit aussi de montrer comment la « colonne vertébrale » de cette construction, le procès-verbal, est d’une fiabilité douteuse à partir du début de thermidor an II. L’analyse de la construction post-thermidorienne jusqu’au tournant de brumaire-frimaire an III, marqué par l’exceptionnalité de fait du procès du représentant Carrier, pose alors un vrai problème épistémologique, dans des constructions politiques orientées.The authors, the editors of the Archives Parlementaires (Première série), describe the eventful history of this collection founded a hundred and fifty years ago. At a time of the digitalization of large documentary collections, the authors underscore the highly diversified « periods » of this source compiled by its editors, first by librarians and civil servants of the Chamber of Deputies, then by historians of the French Revolution, concerned as these were, by the uniformity of the series. The authors show how the « colonne vertébrale » of this construction, the report, is of doubtful reliability beginning in Thermidor an II. The analysis of this post-thermidorian construction until the turning point of the months of Brumaire and Frimaire an III marked by its exceptional nature because of the trial of the deputy Carrier, posed an essential epistemological problem in the political construction – unmistakenly partisan

Hypoxia Induces VEGF-C Expression in Metastatic Tumor Cells via a HIF-1α-Independent Translation-Mediated Mechanism

SummaryVarious tumors metastasize via lymph vessels and lymph nodes to distant organs. Even though tumors are hypoxic, the mechanisms of how hypoxia regulates lymphangiogenesis remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that hypoxia reduced vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) transcription and cap-dependent translation via the upregulation of hypophosphorylated 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). However, initiation of VEGF-C translation was induced by hypoxia through an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent mechanism. IRES-dependent VEGF-C translation was independent of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) signaling. Notably, the VEGF-C IRES activity was higher in metastasizing tumor cells in lymph nodes than in primary tumors, most likely because lymph vessels in these lymph nodes were severely hypoxic. Overall, this transcription-independent but translation-dependent upregulation of VEGF-C in hypoxia stimulates lymphangiogenesis in tumors and lymph nodes and may contribute to lymphatic metastasis

Microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids modulate microglia and promote Aβ plaque deposition.

Previous studies have identified a crucial role of the gut microbiome in modifying Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. However, the mechanisms of microbiome-brain interaction in AD were so far unknown. Here, we identify microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFA) as microbial metabolites which promote Aβ deposition. Germ-free (GF) AD mice exhibit a substantially reduced Aβ plaque load and markedly reduced SCFA plasma concentrations; conversely, SCFA supplementation to GF AD mice increased the Aβ plaque load to levels of conventionally colonized (specific pathogen-free [SPF]) animals and SCFA supplementation to SPF mice even further exacerbated plaque load. This was accompanied by the pronounced alterations in microglial transcriptomic profile, including upregulation of ApoE. Despite increased microglial recruitment to Aβ plaques upon SCFA supplementation, microglia contained less intracellular Aβ. Taken together, our results demonstrate that microbiota-derived SCFA are critical mediators along the gut-brain axis which promote Aβ deposition likely via modulation of the microglial phenotype

Prevalence of maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and impact on birth weight: retrospective study using Millennium Cohort

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Meta-analyses of studies investigating the impact of maternal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on birth weight have not produced robust findings. Although, ante natal ETS exposure probably reduces infant's birth weights, the scale of this exposure remains unknown. We conducted a large, cohort study to assess the impact of ETS exposure on birth weight whilst adjusting for the many factors known to influence this.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>Retrospective study using interview data from parents of 18,297 children born in 2000/2001 and living in the UK 9 months afterwards (the Millennium Cohort Survey). Comparison of birth weight, sex and gestational age specific (SGA) z score, birth before 37 weeks and birth weight < 2.5 Kg (LBW) in infants born to women exposed to: i) no tobacco smoke, ii) ETS only and iii) maternal smoking whilst pregnant.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>13% of UK infants were exposed to ETS and 36% to maternal smoking ante natally. Compared to no ante natal tobacco smoke exposure, domestic ETS lowered infants' adjusted mean birth weights by 36 g (95% CI, 5 g to 67 g) and this effect showed a dose-response relationship. ETS exposure also caused non-significant increases in the adjusted risks of Low Birth Weight (<2.5 Kg) [OR 1.23 (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.58) and premature birth [OR 1.21 (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.51)], whilst the impacts of maternal smoking were greater and statistically significant.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>UK prevalences of domestic ETS exposure and maternal smoking in pregnancy remain high and ETS exposure lowers infants' birth weights.</p

Germline mutations in the transcription factor IKZF5 cause thrombocytopenia.

To identify novel causes of hereditary thrombocytopenia, we performed a genetic association analysis of whole-genome sequencing data from 13 037 individuals enrolled in the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) BioResource, including 233 cases with isolated thrombocytopenia. We found an association between rare variants in the transcription factor-encoding gene IKZF5 and thrombocytopenia. We report 5 causal missense variants in or near IKZF5 zinc fingers, of which 2 occurred de novo and 3 co-segregated in 3 pedigrees. A canonical DNA-zinc finger binding model predicts that 3 of the variants alter DNA recognition. Expression studies showed that chromatin binding was disrupted in mutant compared with wild-type IKZF5, and electron microscopy revealed a reduced quantity of α granules in normally sized platelets. Proplatelet formation was reduced in megakaryocytes from 7 cases relative to 6 controls. Comparison of RNA-sequencing data from platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, and CD4+ T cells from 3 cases and 14 healthy controls showed 1194 differentially expressed genes in platelets but only 4 differentially expressed genes in each of the other blood cell types. In conclusion, IKZF5 is a novel transcriptional regulator of megakaryopoiesis and the eighth transcription factor associated with dominant thrombocytopenia in humans

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file