The decisions of Spanish youth : a cross-section study

The original publication is available at www.springerlink.comThis paper presents a simultaneous model for the joint decisions of working, studying and leaving the parental household by young people in Spain. Using cross-section data from the 1990–1991 Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares, the model is estimated by a two stage estimation method. Endogeneity of the three decisions proves to be important in order to understand the dynamics of household formation. Our results also confirm a number of plausible intuitions about the effect of individual characteristics and economic variables on these decisions, and provide some new insights into the reasons for young people in Spain remaining in large numbers in the parental home. Most of the results are gender independent.Publicad

Purification and biochemical characterization of four iron superoxide dismutases in Trypanosoma cruzi

Four superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities (SOD I, II, III, and IV) have been characterized in the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi . The total extract was subjected to two successive ammonium sulphate additions between 35 and 85%, and the resulting fraction was purified using two continuous chromatography processes (ion exchange and filtration). Enzymes were insensitive to cyanide but sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, properties characteristic of iron-containing SODs. The molecular masses of the different SODs were 20 kDa (SOD I), 60 kDa (SOD II), 50 kDa (SOD III) and 25 kDa (SOD IV), whereas the isoelectric points were 6.9, 6.8, 5.2 and 3.8, respectively. Subcellular location and digitonin experiments have shown that these SODs are mainly cytosolic, with small amounts in the low- mass organelles (SOD II and SOD I) and the mitochondrion (SOD III), where these enzymes play an important role in minimizing oxidative damage.Financial support: CGL2006-27889-E/BOS, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología

Protection of Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) against Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 1 and 8 in a Subclinical Experimental Infection

Many wild ruminants such as Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) are susceptible to Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection, which causes disease mainly in domestic sheep and cattle. Outbreaks involving either BTV serotypes 1 (BTV-1) and 8 (BTV-8) are currently challenging Europe. Inclusion of wildlife vaccination among BTV control measures should be considered in certain species. In the present study, four out of fifteen seronegative Spanish ibexes were immunized with a single dose of inactivated vaccine against BTV-1, four against BTV-8 and seven ibexes were non vaccinated controls. Seven ibexes (four vaccinated and three controls) were inoculated with each BTV serotype. Antibody and IFN-gamma responses were evaluated until 28 days after inoculation (dpi). The vaccinated ibexes showed significant (P<0.05) neutralizing antibody levels after vaccination compared to non vaccinated ibexes. The non vaccinated ibexes remained seronegative until challenge and showed neutralizing antibodies from 7 dpi. BTV RNA was detected in the blood of non vaccinated ibexes from 2 to the end of the study (28 dpi) and in target tissue samples obtained at necropsy (8 and 28 dpi). BTV-1 was successfully isolated on cell culture from blood and target tissues of non vaccinated ibexes. Clinical signs were unapparent and no gross lesions were found at necropsy. Our results show for the first time that Spanish ibex is susceptible and asymptomatic to BTV infection and also that a single dose of vaccine prevents viraemia against BTV-1 and BTV-8 replication

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Avaliação do serviço de saúde bucal no município de Grão Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brasil: “a voz do usuário” Evaluation of oral health service in Grão Mogol city, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil: “the users’ voice”

Foi objetivo deste trabalho avaliar o serviço de saúde bucal, através do estudo das percepções dos usuários, do município de Grão Mogol - norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Optou-se pela metodologia qualitativa, utilizando entrevista semi-estruturada. Foram levantados aspectos sobre percepção do processo saúde/doença bucal; conhecimentos, práticas e valor atribuído à saúde bucal; acesso aos serviços; relação profissional/paciente e assistência recebida. Obtiveram-se as idéias centrais em cada tema abordado nas entrevistas, sendo posteriormente agrupadas e analisadas, constituindo a análise final do estudo. Observou-se que o serviço de saúde bucal, no município, vive período de mudanças, mas existe ainda uma prática iatrogênica-mutiladora. No entanto, a prevenção e a promoção da saúde ganham espaço entre as ações de saúde, atuando como importantes fatores para a melhoria da assistência à saúde bucal e consequente melhoria na qualidade de vida da população. Os usuários percebem a evolução do serviço, mas admitem a necessidade de se organizar e definir melhor o acesso aos serviços e otimizar a comunicação profissional/paciente. A população começa a valorizar a saúde bucal como algo importante dentro das condições de vida de cada indivíduo.<br>The objective of this study is to evaluate the oral health services in the city of Grão Mogol, Brazil by analyzing the user’s perceptions. It was chosen the qualitative methodology using a semi-structured interview. The aspects investigated included the perception of the process of oral health/illness; knowledge, practices and value attributed to oral health; access to services; professional/patient relationship and assistance received. The interviews were analyzed and the central ideas extracted, which were considered in a final analysis of the study. It was observed that the oral health service in this city is going through a period of changes, but it still exist an iatrogenic-mutilator practice. However, health prevention and promotion gains space within health actions, acting as important factors to enhance oral health assistance and resulting improvement of the population quality of life. Users can feel the evolution of the service, but admit the necessity of more organization and definition on the access to services as well as an improvement on the communication professional/patient. The population starts to value the oral health as something important within the life conditions of each individual