Dificultades para la formación de la jurisprudencia, en especial sobre materias procesales

Aunque la jurisprudencia no es fuente del Derecho, desempeña un papel fundamental en su conformación a través de la función de complementar el ordenamiento jurídico que le asigna el Código civil. Sin embargo, el proceso de formación de la jurisprudencia es complicado por los motivos que en el trabajo se exponen.Although jurisprudence is not a source of law in Spanish Legal System, it plays a fundamental role in its formation through the function, assigned by the Civil Code, of complementing it. However, the process of conforming jurisprudence is complicated by the reasons that are exposed in the work

Las habilidad científicas en los libros de texto

El trabajo trata de analizar si los libros de texto contribuyen al desarrollo de habilidades científicas en los estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. La investigación se ha centrado en tres aspectos: los tipos de actividades que predominan, las habilidades científicas que se ponen en práctica y los criterios que siguen para secuenciarlas a lo largo de la etapa. Los resultados muestran que las actividades de los libros de texto están orientadas fundamentalmente al aprendizaje conceptual y que los trabajos prácticos que incluyen no permiten desarrollar la mayoría de las habilidades científicas que deberían alcanzar los estudiantes de la ESO; así mismo se comprueba que no siguen criterios coherentes para secuenciar las actividades en los diferentes cursos de la etapa

Pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the intravascular coagulation in the lungs of BVDV-infected calves challenged with BHV-1

Resistance to respiratory disease in cattle requires host defense mechanisms that protect against pathogens which have evolved sophisticated strategies to evade them, including an altered function of pulmonary macrophages (MΦs) or the induction of inflammatory responses that cause lung injury and sepsis. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanisms responsible for vascular changes occurring in the lungs of calves infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and challenged later with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), evaluating the role of MΦs in the development of pathological lesions in this organ. For this purpose, pulmonary lesions were compared between co-infected calves and healthy animals inoculated only with BHV-1 through immunohistochemical (MAC387, TNFα, IL-1α, iNOS, COX-2 and Factor-VIII) and ultrastructural studies. Both groups of calves presented important vascular alterations produced by fibrin microthrombi and platelet aggregations within the blood vessels. These findings were earlier and more severe in the co-infected group, indicating that the concomitance of BVDV and BHV-1 in the lungs disrupts the pulmonary homeostasis by facilitating the establishment of an inflammatory and procoagulant environment modulated by inflammatory mediators released by pulmonary MΦs. In this regard, the co-infected calves, in spite of presenting a greater number of IMΦs than single-infected group, show a significant decrease in iNOS expression coinciding with the presence of more coagulation lesions. Moreover, animals pre-inoculated with BVDV displayed an alteration in the response of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1), which play a key role in activating the immune response, as well as in the local cell-mediated respons

Effect of infection with BHV-1 on peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations in calves with subclinical BVD

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) are important cattle pathogens that induce a broad immunosuppression on cell-mediated immune response on its own participating in the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). The aim of our study was to evaluate the quantitative changes in immunocompetent cells in healthy calves and calves with subclinical bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), both inoculated with BHV-1. Total leukocyte counts exhibited changes mainly in neutrophils and lymphocytes that can contribute to the BVDV immunosuppression, thus accounting for some of the intergroup differences. Monocytes did not display numerical changes in either group. Regarding lymphocyte subpopulations, even though CD4+ T lymphocytes and B cells were depleted around 4 dpi in both infected groups, the main difference observed between both groups was in CD8+ T cells which displayed an earlier depletion in BVDV inoculated calves that can promote a greater BHV-1 dissemination, thus aggravating the course of the disease

Cell-mediated immune response during experimental acute infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV): evaluation of blood parameters

Acute infections with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), a major pathogen of cattle, are often asymptomatic or produce only mild clinical symptoms. However, they may play an important role in the bovine respiratory disease complex by exerting a marked immunosuppressive effect, as a result of the death of the immunocompetent cell populations involved in controlling innate and adaptive immune responses, together with a marked reduction of both cytokine expression and co-stimulatory molecule synthesis. Although experimental research and field studies have shown that acute BVDV infection enhances susceptibility to secondary infection, the precise mechanism involved in BVDV-induced immunosuppression remains unclear. The present study is aimed at measuring a range of blood parameters in a single group of fourteen calves infected with non-cytopathic BVDV-1. Focus has been put on those related to the cell-mediated immune response just as leucocyte populations and lymphocyte subpopulations, serum concentrations of cytokines (IL-1b, TNF-a, IFN-c, IL-12, IL-4 and IL-10) and acute phase proteins [haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA), fibrinogen and albumin], as well as BVDV-specific antibodies and viremia. After non-cytopathic BVDV-1 infection, clinical signs intensity was never more than moderate coinciding with the presence of viremia and leucocyte and lymphocyte depletion. An early increase in TNF-a, IFN-c and IL-12 levels in contrast to IL-1b was observed in line with a raise in haptoglobin and SAA levels on the latest days of the study. As regards IL-4 levels, no evidence was found of any changes. However, a slight increase in IL-10 was observed, matching up the TNF-a decline during the acute phase response. These findings would help to increase our knowledge of the immune mechanisms involved in acute infection with non-cytopathic BVDV-1 strains, suggesting the existence of a clear tendency towards a type 1 immune response, thereby enhancing resistance against viral infections

El tejido linfoide asociado a mucosas como blanco del virus de la diarrea vírica bovina: estructura y función

Las tonsilas, al igual que otros tejidos linfoides asociados a mucosas como las placas de Peyer del intestino delgado, debido a su localización, se presentan como la puerta de entrada de numerosos agentes patógenos, y por sus características estructurales e inmunológicas, protegen los tractos respiratorios y digestivos de los antígenos que son constantemente inhalados e ingeridos. En los bovinos, distintos agentes patógenos replican en las tonsilas en las primeras fases de la infección, destacando virus como el de la diarrea vírica bovina (vDVB). En rumiantes jóvenes, las placas de Peyer ileales son responsables de la generación de la mayoría de células B, habiéndose especulando con su posible papel como órgano linfoide primario ya que, al igual que ocurre con el timo, también involuciona a edades jóvenes. El tejido linfoide asociado a mucosas se presenta como el principal lugar de replicación del vDVB, siendo además la localización en la que se producen las lesiones más importantes en el transcurso de esta enfermedad, dando lugar a una intensa depleción linfoide que se traduce, a nivel sistémico, en una marcada leucopenia. Por este motivo y con el fi n de profundizar en los mecanismos patogénicos del vDVB, es necesario estudiar y comprender en profundidad tanto la estructura como las funciones inmunológicas de estos tejidos linfoides