Developing a method to map coconut agrosystems from high-resolution satellite images

https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2015/papers/38/fullpaper/T38-504_1427765394.pdfInternational audienceOur study aims at developing a generalizable method to exploit high resolution satellite images(VHR) for mapping coconut-based agrosystems, differentiating them from oil palm agrosystems.We compared two methods of land use classification. The first one is similar to that described byTeina (2009), based on spectral analysis and watershed segmentation, which we simplified byusing the NDVI vegetation index. The second one is the semi-automatic classification based ontexture analysis (PAPRI method of Borne, 1990). These methods were tested in two differentenvironments: Vanua Lava (Vanuatu; heterogeneous landscape, very ancient plantations) andIvory Coast (Marc Delorme Research Station, monoculture, regular spacing, oil palm plantations);and their results were evaluated against manually digitized photo-interpretation maps.In both situations, the PAPRI method produced better results than that of Teina (global kappa of0.60 vs. 0.40). Spectral signatures do not allow a sufficiently accurate mapping of coconut and donot differentiate it from oil palm, despite their different NDVI signatures. The PAPRI methoddifferentiates productive coconut from mixed plantations and other vegetation, either high or low(70% accuracy). In both situations, Teina’s method allows counting 65% of the coconut treeswhen they are well spaced. To increase the method accuracy, we suggest (1) field surveys (forsmall scale studies) and/or finer image resolution, allowing a high precision in manual mappingwith a better discrimination between coconut and oil palm, thus limiting the proportion of mixedpixels. (2) A phenological monitoring could improve the distinction between coconut and oil palmagrosystems. (3) Hyper-spectral images should allow extracting more precisely the respectivesignatures of both species. Another possibility would be (4) an object-oriented analysis asproposed by the eCognition software. Finally, (5) coupling the Lidar system with watershedanalysis would allow a better characterization of coconut varietal types

<i>Passiflora tinifolia </i>Juss. (<i>Passiflora </i>sous-genre <i>Passiflora</i>) : résurrection et synonymies.

Dans la série Laurifoliae du sous-genre Passiflora, le nom Passiflora laurifolia L. possède quatre synonymes : P. oblongifolia Pulle, décrite du Suriname et connue seulement du type, P. tinifolia Juss. décrite de l’île de Cayenne, P. laurifolia var. tinifolia, considérée comme variété à petits fruits de P. laurifolia ou Granadilla laurifolia. Plus récemment, P. gabrielleana Vanderpl. et P. favardensis Kuethe ont été décrites de Guyane Française et partagent de nombreux traits avec ces taxons. Quatre expéditions en Guyane Française, de 2008 à 2017, ont montré que P. laurifolia, comme décrite dans la dernière révision de l’espèce, n’y est représentée que par quelques individus cultivés, introduits des Antilles. A l’inverse, P. gabrielleana est régulièrement trouvée le long des fleuves et des côtes, et dans des fossés humides, en particulier sur l’île de Cayenne où P. tinifolia était considérée comme commune par Antoine de Jussieu. Les données de terrain et d’herbiers nous montrent que P. gabrielleana est également présente dans les régions voisines du Brésil et du Suriname. La grande fréquence de P. gabrielleana sur le locus classicus de P. tinifolia, l’absence de formes spontanées de P. laurifolia, et les nombreuses similarités entre ces taxons nous poussent à ressusciter le nom de P. tinifolia et à placer P. gabrielleana, P. favardensis, P. oblongifolia et P. laurifolia var. tinifolia en synonymie. En corollaire, seul le nom de Granadilla laurifolia est maintenu comme synonyme de P. laurifolia.Within the series Laurifoliae of subgenus Passiflora, the binomial Passiflora laurifolia L. historically has four synonyms: Granadilla laurifolia; P. oblongifolia Pulle, described from Suriname and known only from the type; P. tinifolia Juss. described from the Island of Cayenne (French Guiana), and P. laurifolia var. tinifolia, considered to be a small fruited variety of P. laurifolia. The more recently described P. gabrielleana Vanderpl. and P. favardensis Kuethe, both from French Guiana, also share many traits with these taxa. Four expeditions to French Guiana, from 2008 to 2017, have shown that P. laurifolia, as described in the last revision of this species, is only represented there by a few cultivated individuals introduced from the West Indies. In contrast, P. gabrielleana is commonly found along rivers and coasts, and in wet ditches, especially on the Island of Cayenne where P. tinifolia was considered to be common by Antoine de Jussieu. Likewise, herbarium and field data show us that P. gabrielleana is also present in neighboring regions of Brazil and Suriname. The very common presence of P. gabrielleana on the locus classicus of P. tinifolia, the absence of spontaneous forms of P. laurifolia in French Guiana, and the many similarities between these species, lead us to resuscitate the name of P. tinifolia and to place P. gabrielleana, P. favardensis, P. oblongifolia and P. laurifolia var. tinifolia as synonyms for this species. Thence, only Granadilla laurifolia is maintained as a synonym of P. laurifolia.</p

Distribution of the Genus Passiflora L. Diversity in Colombia and Its Potential as an Indicator for Biodiversity Management in the Coffee Growing Zone

Analysis was made of 3,923 records of 162 wild Passiflora specimens to assess the distribution of their diversity in Colombia, identify collection gaps, and explore their potential as indicator species. Despite variable collecting density among and within biogeographic regions, the Andean region clearly presents a higher species richness, particularly in the central coffee growing zone and the departments of Antioquia, Cundinamarca and Valle del Cauca. The elevational distribution of diversity shows a small peak below 500 m, and two higher ones between 1,000–2,000 and 2,500–3,000 m. This pattern corresponds to divergent adaptive trends among infrageneric divisions. The analysis on 19 climatic variables showed that the two principal variance components, explaining 77 percent of the total, are respectively associated with temperature and precipitation, without influence of seasonality. Distribution parameters allow recognizing more than 36 narrow endemics. Prediction of species distribution showed nine areas with very high richness (predicted sympatry of 41 to 54 species) in the Andean region, three of which correspond to collection gaps. Endemics were not particularly frequent there, so a prioritization of protected areas based on species richness would not favor their conservation. The sites with high Passiflora diversity are poorly represented in the current system of protected areas. Instead, their striking correspondence with ecotopes of the coffee growing zone imposes a conservation strategy integrating agricultural and environmental management at the landscape level. Reciprocally, several traits of Passiflora species make them particularly suited as indicators for any effort of conservation or restoration in this region of importance for the country

Nouveaux éléments sur la distribution et la diversité de &lt;i&gt;Passiflora cerasina&lt;/i&gt; Annonay &amp; Feuillet

Jusque récemment, Passiflora cerasina n’était connue que par deux spécimens d’herbier. Trois expéditions botaniques en Guyane française, en 2008, 2009 et 2017, ont considérablement amélioré nos connaissances sur sa répartition géographique et sa diversité morphologique. Une clé des espèces guyanaises de la série Laurifoliae est donnée. La description originale étant basée sur un holotype manquant, nous proposons un néotype collecté sur le locus classicus.Until recently, Passiflora cerasina was known only from two herbarium specimens. Three botanical expeditions in French Guiana, in 2008, 2009, and 2017, have greatly improved our knowledge on its geographical distribution and morphological variation. A key to the Guianese species of series Laurifoliae is given. As the holotype mentioned in the original description is missing, we propose a neotype collected from the locus classicus.</p

Resurrection of Passiflora acuminata DC. and synonymization of P. tolimana Harms, P. gleasonii Killip, P. metae M. Bonilla, C. Aguirre &amp; Caetano (Passifloraceae) following a study of their morphology and ecogeography

International audienceWithin the very uniform series Laurifoliae , Passiflora acuminata (treated as a synonym of P. laurifolia in the Flora of China ), P. tolimana , P. gleasonii and P. metae appear particularly similar. A review of their descriptions and the associated specimens confirms their lack of morphological differentiation and leads us to formally resurrect P. acuminata and place the three other taxa under its synonymy. This taxonomic move is also supported by a revision of 72 additional geolocalized specimens (for a grand total of 78) and an analysis of their distribution and habitats. In fact, the bioclimatic space corresponding to the specimens previously assigned to P. acuminata encompasses that of all specimens previously assigned to the three other taxa under study. The species range covers a wide region, comprising the lower Amazon and the north of its basin, mostly below 200 m, and, to the west, in the upper Amazon, the Orinoco basin, and along the Andean foothills and valleys, from Venezuela to Peru, at elevations between 100 and 2200 m. In the lowlands, the species appears associated with white sand savannas and water courses. A more complete description is proposed for the species, including its unusual fusiform and slightly ribbed fruit. Another rare trait in the series Laurifoliae is that the outer corona filaments tend to be longer than the corolla

Evolution of almond genetic diversity and farmer practices in Lebanon: impacts of the diffusion of a graft-propagated cultivar in a traditional system based on seed-propagation

Abstract Background Under cultivation, many outcrossing fruit tree species have switched from sexual reproduction to vegetative propagation. Traditional production systems have persisted, where cultivar propagation is based on a mixed reproductive system. For millenia, almond, Prunus dulcis, has been propagated by seeds. Almond grafting remained of little importance until recently. In Lebanon, both sexual and clonal reproductions are used for almond propagation. We used 15 microsatellite markers to investigate the effect of introducing graft-propagated cultivars and associated practices, on the structure of the genetic diversity among and within the two main Lebanese cultivars. Results As expected, the sexually propagated cultivar Khachabi exhibited more genotypic and genetic diversity than the vegetatively propagated cultivar Halwani. It also exhibited lower differentiation among populations. The distribution of clones showed that propagation modes were not exclusive: farmers have introduced clonal propagation in the seed-propagated cultivar while they have maintained a diversity of genotypes within populations that were mostly graft-propagated. These practices are also important to avoid mate limitations that hamper fruit production in a self-incompatible species. ‘Khachabi’ is structured into two gene pools separated by the Lebanese mountains. As to ‘Halwani’, two different gene pools were introduced. The most ancient one shares the same geographic range as ‘Khachabi’; longtime coexistence and sexual reproduction have resulted in admixture with ‘Khachabi’. In contrast, the more recent introduction of the second gene pool in the Bekaa region followed an evolution towards more extensive clonal propagation of ‘Halwani’ limiting hybridizations. Furthermore, some pairs of geographically distant ‘Halwani’ orchards, exhibited low genetic distances, suggesting that a network of exchanges between farmers was effective on a large scale and/or that farmers brought clonal plant material from a common source. Conclusions Almond diversification in Lebanon is clearly related to the evolution of propagation practices adapted to self-incompatible cultivars. The comparison between both cultivars demonstrated the genetic effects of the introduction of a new cultivar and the associated grafting propagation practices. Our study provided information to develop a strategy for in situ conservation of cultivars and to limit gene flow from introduced material to ancient orchards