Socioeconomics of Individual Transferable Quotas and Community-Based Fishery Management

In many fisheries around the world, the failures of centralized, top-down management have produced a shift toward co-management—collaboration and sharing of decision making between government and stakeholders. This trend has led to a major debate between two very different co-management approaches—community-based fishery management and market-based individual transferable quota management. This paper examines the debate over the relative merits of these models and undertakes a socioeconomic analysis of the two approaches. The paper includes (1) an analysis of differences in the structure, philosophical nature, and underlying value systems of each, including a discussion of their treatment of property rights; (2) a socioeconomic evaluation of the impacts of each system on boat owners, fishers, crew members, other fishery participants, and coastal communities, as well as the distribution of benefits and costs among fishery participants; and (3) examination of indirect economic effects that can occur through impacts on conservation and fishery sustainability. The latter relate to (a) the conservation ethic, (b) the flexibility of management, (c) the avoidance of waste, and (d) the efficiency of enforcement. The paper emphasizes the need for a broader approach to analyzing fishery management options, one that recognizes and properly assesses the diversity of choices, and that takes into account the interaction of the fishery with broader community and regional realities.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Bioeconomic Analysis of Management Options for Tropical Fisheries Using a Bicriteria Programming Model

A possible approach to the management of the multispecies multi-gear fishery in a developing country was explored. The small petagics fishery in central Philippines was analyzed in three stages. A dynamic pool model represented the dynamics of the stocks. The optimal allocation of catch across competing fleets was modeled having regard for the pursuit of two conflicting objectives, maximizing employment and fishing profits. Alternative management schemes were then explored. On the basis of the criteria used, the optimal fleet size was a small fraction of the existing fleet size. Calculation of increased target yields through regulation of fishing mortality and selectivity showed that the increase in optimal feet size would be moderate because the current level of exploitation is close to that producing the maximum yield-per-recruit. An agenda for exploration of further management alternatives appropriate to the social and economic policy objectives of a developing country is discussed.bioeconomics, Philippines, small pelagics, multicriteria decision making, fishery economics, fishery management, tropical fisheries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics,

The Use of Chloride, Citric and Ascorbic Acid Dip and Packaged Film to Extend the Shelf Life of Pejerrey (Odonthested bonaerensis) during Storage at Different Temperatures

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of chloride, citric and ascorbic acid dip treatments in conjunction with two types of packaging films (with high and low gas permeability) on microbial growth in samples of pejerrey fillets (Odonthestes bonaerensis) at three storage temperatures (4˚C, 0˚C and −1.5˚C). Colour, pH, texture modification and chemical changes were also studied. Psychrotrophic microorganisms, sp. were modelled by the Gompertz’ equation. Lag phase duration, specific growth rate and maximum population density were calculated. The activation energy (E() was calculated reaching values of 147 and 177 kJ/mol when the low permeability packaging films were employed. We used psychrotrophic microorganisms, sp., as a predictor of the shelf life of product. The application of treatment with chloride, citric and ascorbic acids, extended 1 - 2 days the storage life of the product (time to reach 106 CFU/g) when the packaging material used was polyethylene. The use of chloride, citric and ascorbic acids and vacuum packaging produced shelf life values of 7.7, >25 and >25 days at 4˚C, 0˚C and −1.5˚C respectively. The products had very good organoleptic characteristics, maintained their colour and texture appropriate, and absence of pathogenic microorganisms. These values indicated that the growth models were acceptable for expressing the growth of microorganisms on pejerrey fillets, which can be applied to ensure the safety of fish and to establish standards for avoiding microbial contamination.Fil: Copes, Julio Alberto. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Pellicer, Karina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Bigeon, Gisela. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Giannuzzi, Leda. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentin

Unexpected Hydrolytic Instability of N-Acylated Amino Acid Amides and Peptides

Remote amide bonds in simple N-acyl amino acid amide or peptide derivatives 1 can be surprisingly unstable hydrolytically, affording, in solution, variable amounts of 3 under mild acidic conditions, such as trifluoroacetic acid/water mixtures at room temperature. This observation has important implications for the synthesis of this class of compounds, which includes N-terminal-acylated peptides. We describe the factors contributing to this instability and how to predict and control it. The instability is a function of the remote acyl group, R2CO, four bonds away from the site of hydrolysis. Electron-rich acyl R2 groups accelerate this reaction. In the case of acyl groups derived from substituted aromatic carboxylic acids, the acceleration is predictable from the substituent’s Hammett σ value. N-Acyl dipeptides are also hydrolyzed under typical cleavage conditions. This suggests that unwanted peptide truncation may occur during synthesis or prolonged standing in solution when dipeptides or longer peptides are acylated on the N-terminus with electron-rich aromatic groups. When amide hydrolysis is an undesired secondary reaction, as can be the case in the trifluoroacetic acid-catalyzed cleavage of amino acid amide or peptide derivatives 1 from solid-phase resins, conditions are provided to minimize that hydrolysis

Increased coronary heart disease and stroke hospitalisations from ambient temperatures in Ontario.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the associations between ambient temperatures and hospitalisations for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. METHODS: Our study comprised all residents living in Ontario, Canada, 1996-2013. For each of 14 health regions, we fitted a distributed lag non-linear model to estimate the cold and heat effects on hospitalisations from CHD, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke and ischaemic stroke, respectively. These effects were pooled using a multivariate meta-analysis. We computed attributable hospitalisations for cold and heat, defined as temperatures above and below the optimum temperature (corresponding to the temperature of minimum morbidity) and for moderate and extreme temperatures, defined using cut-offs at the 2.5th and 97.5th temperature percentiles. RESULTS: Between 1996 and 2013, we identified 1.4 million hospitalisations from CHD and 355 837 from stroke across Ontario. On cold days with temperature corresponding to the 1st percentile of temperature distribution, we found a 9% increase in daily hospitalisations for CHD (95% CI 1% to 16%), 29% increase for AMI (95% CI 15% to 45%) and 11% increase for stroke (95% CI 1% to 22%) relative to days with an optimal temperature. High temperatures (the 99th percentile) also increased CHD hospitalisations by 6% (95% CI 1% to 11%) relative to the optimal temperature. These estimates translate into 2.49% of CHD hospitalisations attributable to cold and 1.20% from heat. Additionally, 1.71% of stroke hospitalisations were attributable to cold. Importantly, moderate temperatures, rather than extreme temperatures, yielded the most of the cardiovascular burdens from temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: Ambient temperatures, especially in moderate ranges, may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular-related hospitalisations

Cyber Security in an Age of Insecurity

By combining the structure and space of Gothic Revival churches with the programmatic elements of a data center, two problems can be addressed. First, the churches avoid a fate of abandonment and obsolescence. As the Christian population declines and consolidates, these monuments are given a chance to maintain significance. Second, through design, data centers can become a more integrated piece of the communities they serve. Instead of data centers being isolated warehouses in the middle of nowhere, people can have a better understanding of what allows their internet at home to connect them to the global network