The Concept of the Machining Surface in 5-Axis Milling of Free-form Surfaces

International audienceThe concept of the machining surface (MS) is a new approach to the process of design and manufacturing of free form surfaces. The machining surface is the surface representation of the tool path, integrating functional design specifications and machining constraints. By definition, the machining surface is a surface including all the information necessary for the driving of the tool, so that the envelope surface of the tool movement sweeping the MS gives the expected free-form. In this paper, we study the building of the MS for 5-axis end milling with usual cutting tools, ball, flat and filleted endmill. We make so that the design and manufacturing constraints taken into account by the machining surface are completely uncoupled within the MS.Le concept de la surface d'usinage apporte une évolution dans le processus de réalisation des pièces de forme gauche au ni-veau de la conception et de la fabrication. La surface d'usinage est une représentation surfacique du trajet de l'outil intégrant les contrain-tes fonctionnelles de conception ainsi que les contraintes technologiques de fabrication. Par définition, la surface d'usinage guide un point fixe de l'outil de telle sorte que la surface enveloppe du mouvement de l'outil soit la surface attendue. Nous présentons dans cet article comment se construit la surface d'usinage pour le fraisage à cinq axes en bout avec les outils de coupe couramment utilisés. Nous faisons en sorte que les aspects conception et fabrication pris en compte par la surface d'usinage soient totalement découplés afin de conserver ces activités indépendantes

Estrutura e evolução do PIB dos municípios gaúchos: 1999-03

This paper aims to analyze some economic spatial patterns and dynamic changes of the Rio Grande do Sul’s municipalities based on the Municipal GDP database recently published by IBGE and other state statistical institutes. The regions’ share in GDP has been relatively stable in the recent years and can be observed a high spatial concentration of the industrial sector and a strong economic inequality between the municipalities. A slow moving of economic activity toward northwest of Rio Grande do Sul seems in course but still is no possible to conclude that there is a structural trend in such process.Este artigo explora a base de dados do PIB municipal, recentemente divulgada pelo IBGE em parceria com os órgãos de estatística estaduais, visando extrair algumas características espaciais da estrutura econômica dos municípios gaúchos e de sua evolução recente. Assim, constata-se um quadro relativamente estável em relação à participação das mesorregiões no PIB, uma alta concentração da atividade industrial e também um elevado nível de desigualdade econômica entre os municípios. Também é possível observar a existência de um lento movimento de desconcentração da atividade econômica gaúcha, onde a mesorregião Noroeste aparece como destaque, embora ainda não seja possível afirmar se esse fenômeno possui um componente estrutural

Development of a clioquinol nanocarrier as a new, promising option for the treatment of dermatomycosis

Dermatomycosis is a common fungal infection, and its treatment is limited by few antifungal agents. Clioquinol (CQ) is an antiparasitic agent that has been studied for new uses, such as antifungal and antiviral applications. CQ was incorporated into a lipid-based nanocarrier as a new, promising option for dermatomycosis. This study aimed to develop a CQ-loaded lipid-based nanocarrier for cutaneous application and to evaluate its antifungal activity. CQ-loaded nanoformulation (LBN-CQ) was developed using the ultrasonication method, and the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), pH, zeta potential, and drug content were monitored for 45 days. To evaluate antifungal activity, broth microdilution and a time-kill assay were performed. LBN-CQ presented a particle size of 91 3 nm and PDI of 0.102 0.009. The zeta potential and pH values were 9.7 2.0 mV and 6.0 0.1, respectively. The drug content was 96.4 2.3%, and the encapsulation efficiency was 98.4%. LBN-CQ was able to reduce the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in a 2-fold or 4-fold manner in most of the tested strains. Additionally, LBN-CQ presented stable fungistatic action that was not concentration- or time-dependent. In conclusion, the developed CQ-loaded nanocarrier is a promising treatment for skin fungal infections and a promising candidate for future randomized clinical trials

New Mutations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Identified by Target Enrichment and Deep Sequencing

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous disease without a well-defined genetic alteration responsible for the onset of the disease. Several lines of evidence coincide in identifying stimulatory and growth signals delivered by B-cell receptor (BCR), and co-receptors together with NFkB pathway, as being the driving force in B-cell survival in CLL. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for this activation has not been identified. Based on the hypothesis that BCR activation may depend on somatic mutations of the BCR and related pathways we have performed a complete mutational screening of 301 selected genes associated with BCR signaling and related pathways using massive parallel sequencing technology in 10 CLL cases. Four mutated genes in coding regions (KRAS, SMARCA2, NFKBIE and PRKD3) have been confirmed by capillary sequencing. In conclusion, this study identifies new genes mutated in CLL, all of them in cases with progressive disease, and demonstrates that next-generation sequencing technologies applied to selected genes or pathways of interest are powerful tools for identifying novel mutational changes

Measurement of the Tau Lepton Polarisation at LEP2

A first measurement of the average polarisation P_tau of tau leptons produced in e+e- annihilation at energies significantly above the Z resonance is presented. The polarisation is determined from the kinematic spectra of tau hadronic decays. The measured value P_tau = -0.164 +/- 0.125 is consistent with the Standard Model prediction for the mean LEP energy of 197 GeV.A first measurement of the average polarisation Pτ of tau leptons produced in e + e − annihilation at energies significantly above the Z resonance is presented. The polarisation is determined from the kinematic spectra of tau hadronic decays. The measured value Pτ=−0.164±0.125 is consistent with the Standard Model prediction for the mean LEP energy of 197 GeV.A first measurement of the average polarisation P_tau of tau leptons produced in e+e- annihilation at energies significantly above the Z resonance is presented. The polarisation is determined from the kinematic spectra of tau hadronic decays. The measured value P_tau = -0.164 +/- 0.125 is consistent with the Standard Model prediction for the mean LEP energy of 197 GeV

Qualité géométrique de la mesure de surfaces complexes par moyens optiques

CACHAN-ENS (940162301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Estrutura e evolução do PIB dos municípios gaúchos: 1999-03

This paper aims to analyze some economic spatial patterns and dynamic changes of the Rio Grande do Sul’s municipalities based on the Municipal GDP database recently published by IBGE and other state statistical institutes. The regions’ share in GDP has been relatively stable in the recent years and can be observed a high spatial concentration of the industrial sector and a strong economic inequality between the municipalities. A slow moving of economic activity toward northwest of Rio Grande do Sul seems in course but still is no possible to conclude that there is a structural trend in such process.Este artigo explora a base de dados do PIB municipal, recentemente divulgada pelo IBGE em parceria com os órgãos de estatística estaduais, visando extrair algumas características espaciais da estrutura econômica dos municípios gaúchos e de sua evolução recente. Assim, constata-se um quadro relativamente estável em relação à participação das mesorregiões no PIB, uma alta concentração da atividade industrial e também um elevado nível de desigualdade econômica entre os municípios. Também é possível observar a existência de um lento movimento de desconcentração da atividade econômica gaúcha, onde a mesorregião Noroeste aparece como destaque, embora ainda não seja possível afirmar se esse fenômeno possui um componente estrutural

Development of a Clioquinol Nanocarrier as a New, Promising Option for the Treatment of Dermatomycosis

Dermatomycosis is a common fungal infection, and its treatment is limited by few antifungal agents. Clioquinol (CQ) is an antiparasitic agent that has been studied for new uses, such as antifungal and antiviral applications. CQ was incorporated into a lipid-based nanocarrier as a new, promising option for dermatomycosis. This study aimed to develop a CQ-loaded lipid-based nanocarrier for cutaneous application and to evaluate its antifungal activity. CQ-loaded nanoformulation (LBN-CQ) was developed using the ultrasonication method, and the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), pH, zeta potential, and drug content were monitored for 45 days. To evaluate antifungal activity, broth microdilution and a time-kill assay were performed. LBN-CQ presented a particle size of 91 ± 3 nm and PDI of 0.102 ± 0.009. The zeta potential and pH values were −9.7 ± 2.0 mV and 6.0 ± 0.1, respectively. The drug content was 96.4 ± 2.3%, and the encapsulation efficiency was 98.4%. LBN-CQ was able to reduce the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in a 2-fold or 4-fold manner in most of the tested strains. Additionally, LBN-CQ presented stable fungistatic action that was not concentration- or time-dependent. In conclusion, the developed CQ-loaded nanocarrier is a promising treatment for skin fungal infections and a promising candidate for future randomized clinical trials

Development of a Clioquinol Nanocarrier as a New, Promising Option for the Treatment of Dermatomycosis

Dermatomycosis is a common fungal infection, and its treatment is limited by few antifungal agents. Clioquinol (CQ) is an antiparasitic agent that has been studied for new uses, such as antifungal and antiviral applications. CQ was incorporated into a lipid-based nanocarrier as a new, promising option for dermatomycosis. This study aimed to develop a CQ-loaded lipid-based nanocarrier for cutaneous application and to evaluate its antifungal activity. CQ-loaded nanoformulation (LBN-CQ) was developed using the ultrasonication method, and the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), pH, zeta potential, and drug content were monitored for 45 days. To evaluate antifungal activity, broth microdilution and a time-kill assay were performed. LBN-CQ presented a particle size of 91 ± 3 nm and PDI of 0.102 ± 0.009. The zeta potential and pH values were −9.7 ± 2.0 mV and 6.0 ± 0.1, respectively. The drug content was 96.4 ± 2.3%, and the encapsulation efficiency was 98.4%. LBN-CQ was able to reduce the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in a 2-fold or 4-fold manner in most of the tested strains. Additionally, LBN-CQ presented stable fungistatic action that was not concentration- or time-dependent. In conclusion, the developed CQ-loaded nanocarrier is a promising treatment for skin fungal infections and a promising candidate for future randomized clinical trials

Measurement of the Mass and Width of the W Boson in e+e−e^{+}e^{-} Collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 161 - 209 GeV

A measurement of the W boson mass and width has been performed by the DELPHI collaboration using the data collected during the full LEP2 programme (1996-2000). The data sample has an integrated luminosity of 660 pb^-1 and was collected over a range of centre-of-mass energies from 161 to 209 GeV. Results are obtained by applying the method of direct reconstruction of the mass of the W from its decay products in both the W+W- -> lvqq and W+W- -> qqqq channels. The W mass result for the combined data set is M_W = 80.336 +/- 0.055 (Stat.) +/- 0.028 (Syst.) +/- 0.025 (FSI) +/- 0.009 (LEP) GeV/c^2, where FSI represents the uncertainty due to final state interaction effects in the qqqq channel, and LEP represents that arising from the knowledge of the collision energy of the accelerator. The combined value for the W width is Gamma_W = 2.404 +/- 0.140 (Stat.) +/- 0.077 (Syst.) +/- 0.065 (FSI) GeV/c^2. These results supersede all values previously published by the DELPHI collaboration. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Carlo Caso.A measurement of the W boson mass and width has been performed by the DELPHI collaboration using the data collected during the full LEP2 programme (1996-2000). The data sample has an integrated luminosity of 660 pb^-1 and was collected over a range of centre-of-mass energies from 161 to 209 GeV. Results are obtained by applying the method of direct reconstruction of the mass of the W from its decay products in both the W+W- -> lvqq and W+W- -> qqqq channels. The W mass result for the combined data set is M_W = 80.336 +/- 0.055 (Stat.) +/- 0.028 (Syst.) +/- 0.025 (FSI) +/- 0.009 (LEP) GeV/c^2, where FSI represents the uncertainty due to final state interaction effects in the qqqq channel, and LEP represents that arising from the knowledge of the collision energy of the accelerator. The combined value for the W width is Gamma_W = 2.404 +/- 0.140 (Stat.) +/- 0.077 (Syst.) +/- 0.065 (FSI) GeV/c^2. These results supersede all values previously published by the DELPHI collaboration. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Carlo Caso