Tap-and-2-split switch design based on integrated optics for light-tree routing in WDM networks

This paper presents a novel cost-effective multicast-capable optical cross connect (MC-OXC) node architecture that features both tap-and-continue and tap-and-binary-split functionality. This architecture provides an interesting balance between simplicity, power efficiency and overall wavelength consumption with respect to models based on TaC (Tap and Continue) or SaD (Split-and-Delivery). The main component of this node is a novel Tap-and-2-Split Switch (Ta2S). In this paper, we propose and analyse an implementation of this switch based on integrated optics (namely, MMI taps and MZI switches), and we characterize and compare it with other alternatives implemented with the same technology. The study shows that, thanks to the presented Ta2S design, the 2-Split Tap Continue (2STC) node scales better in terms of number of components than the other alternatives. Moreover, it is more power efficient than the SaD design and requires less wavelengths than TaC thanks to the binary split capability. On the other hand, simulation results reveal that the 2-split condition does not add a significant additional wavelength consumption in usual network topologies with respect to SaD.Publicad

Power-cost-effective node architecture for light-tree routing in WDM networks

6 pages, 10 figures.-- Contributed to: IEEE Globecom 2008 Optical Networks and Systems Symposium (GC'08 ONS), New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Nov 30-Dec 4, 2008.We present a novel cost-effective multicast capable optical cross connect (MC-OXC) node architecture which improves efficiency of optical power by constraining splitting to only two output ports, in order to reduce power losses derived from splitting into more than two output ports. This node would manage the following actions when necessary: (a) tap and binary- splitting, which consists of tapping a small percentage of the signal power to the local node (4-8%) and an w-splitting action (n=2); and (b) tap-and-continue. We call this type of node 2-STC node (binary-split-tap-continue). We compare it with other well known state-of-art proposals and analyze its benefits in terms of number of devices and power losses. An evaluation of applicability is given, showing that the binary-split restriction shows a good trade-off between power losses, bandwidth consumption and architectural simplicity. We conclude that the 2-STC node improves power efficiency and contributes to get a good trade-off between use of resources and optical power.The work described in this paper was carried out with the support of the BONE-project ("Building the Future Optical Network in Europe"), a Network of Excellence funded by the European Commission through the 7th ICT-Framework Program. It has also been supported by the Spanish MEC grant TSI2005-07384-C03-02 and PRICIT CCG07-UC3M/TIC-3356.Publicad

Competencia táctica y técnica de alumnos de segundo curso de Educación Primaria. Preparados para aprender deporte

The purpose of the study was threefold: (a) to implement a game context approach to assess the game performance components and, in doing so, (b) to know if second graders have the appropriate development to learn games, and (c) to design a suitable learning progressions within tactical teaching approaches. Game performance was assessed in second graders (n=16; age 7-8 years) with special attention to decision making component. Participants achieved a high level of tactical awareness in attacking the goal contexts and low performance in response execution. Findings suggested that second grade students are ready to learn games as long as a tactical approach as Teaching Games for Understanding was used.El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue triple: (a) analizar los conocimientos previos de alumnos de segundo de Educación Primaria sobre deportes de invasión, y a partir de esto, (b) deducir si los alumnos de estas edades están preparados para aprender deportes de invasión y, en caso positivo, (c) desarrollar una propuesta de progresión adecuada a su nivel de desarrollo. Para ello se evaluó y analizó el rendimiento de juego de alumnos de segundo de Educación Primaria (n=16; edad: 7-8 años), prestando especial atención al componente de toma de decisión. Destacó el alto nivel de conciencia táctica en contextos de logro del objetivo y el bajo rendimiento en el componente de ejecución motriz. Los datos apoyan la hipótesis de la posibilidad de una iniciación deportiva a partir de los 7 años con el enfoque adecuado, tal y como es la Enseñanza Comprensiva del Deporte

Tectografía secuencial como sistema de representación

La complejidad del proceso constructivo en la edificación, donde intervienen muchas tecnologías y un sin fin de oficios, todos ellos aplicados en un diseño exclusivo que hace cada arquitectura distinta; nos ha llevado a desarrollar un nuevo sistema de representación gráfica al que hemos llamado Tectografía Secuencial (raíz latina “tectus” que alude a lo oculto o a las cualidades inherentes del templo, a la que se añade el vocablo “GRAFÍA”: representación gráfica). El modo Secuencial expresa un número de imágenes en movimiento del que carece toda representación arquitectónica, o más bien, representa en un solo fotograma y, a manera de tráiler cinematográfico, las distintas fases del proceso constructivo, que se superponen estratégicamente para resolver con claridad todo el entramado técnico del detalle. Por lo tanto, estimamos que es necesaria la utilización de una secuencia gráfica del proceso, para la correcta explicación del docente y facilitar así la comprensión perceptiva por parte del discente. Pero hemos de añadir que, aparte de ser un método didáctico, se convierte en una herramienta gráfica válida para la dirección técnica de una obra en la fase de ejecución material, donde se presentan las grandes dudas en relación con los planos del Proyecto, o su adaptación o ajuste a la realidad final.The complexity of the constructive process in the building, where they control many technologies and one without end of trades, all of them applied in an exclusive design that does every different architecture; it has led us to developing a new system of graphical representation to which we have been called Tectografía Secuencial (Latin root "tectus" that alludes to the secret thing or to the inherent qualities of the temple, to that the word is added "GRAFÍA”: graphical representation). The Sequential way expresses a number of images in movement which any architectural representation lacks, or rather, represents in an alone still and, like cinematographic trailer, the different phases of the constructive process, which are superposed strategically to solve with clarity the whole technical studding of the detail. Therefore, we think that there is necessary the utilization of a graphical sequence of the process, for the correct explanation of the teacher and to facilitate this way the perceptive comprehension on the part of the learning. But we have to add that, apart from being a didactic method, it turns into a graphical valid tool for the technical direction of a work into the phase of material execution, where they present the big doubts in relation with the planes of the Project, or his adjustment or adjustment to the final reality

Remote optical powering using fiber optics in hazardous environments

Potential niches for a power-over-fiber (PoF) technique can be found in hazardous areas that require controlling unauthorized access to risk areas and integration of multiple sensors, in scenarios avoiding electromagnetic interference, and the presence of ignition factors. This paper develops a PoF system that provides galvanic isolation between two ends of a fiber for remotely powering a proximity sensor as a proof of concept of the proposed technology. We analyze scalability issues for remotely powering multiple sensors in a specific application for the hazardous environment. The maximum number of remote sensors that can be optically powered and the limiting factors are also studied; considering different types of multimode optical fibers, span lengths, and wavelengths. We finally address the fiber mode field diameter effect as a factor that limits the maximum power to be injected into the fiber. This analysis shows the advantages of using step-index versus graded-index fibers.This work was supported in part by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Comunidad de Madrid and H2020 European Union Programme under Grants TEC2015-63826-C3-2-R and S2013/MIT-2790, in part by FSE, and in part by 5G PPP BlueSpace Project under Grant 762055.Publicad

Fiber-Optic Pyrometer with Optically Powered Switch for Temperature Mesurements

We report the experimental results on a new infrared fiber-optic pyrometer for very localized and high-speed temperature measurements ranging from 170 to 530 degrees C using low-noise photodetectors and high-gain transimpedance amplifiers with a single gain mode in the whole temperature range. We also report a shutter based on an optical fiber switch which is optically powered to provide a reference signal in an optical fiber pyrometer measuring from 200 to 550 degrees C. The tests show the potential of remotely powering via optical means a 300 mW power-hungry optical switch at a distance of 100 m, avoiding any electromagnetic interference close to the measuring point.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER program under grants TEC2015-63826-C3-2-R and by Comunidad de Madrid under grant S2013/MIT-2790

Analysis of energy consumption in Colombia using the holt method

Energy production is constantly facing major challenges today, because despite initiatives to promote the insertion of renewable energy, electricity consumption has shown considerable growth in recent years. In order to use an instrument that facilitates forecasts and predictive processes for the design of strategic plans associated with energy management, the application of the Holt Method is proposed using data on electricity demand in Colombia, GDP per capita and industrial value added, making an analysis of the last 10 years, based on figures from the World Bank. The final results predict that energy consumption for the period 2018-2020 will be between 66,231 GWk and 66,885 GWk

Kinetic investigations of quaternization reactions of poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] with diverse alkyl halides

Abstract Kinetic investigations of the quaternization reactions of poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) with alkyl halides (1‐iodobutane, 1‐iodoheptane, and 1‐iododecane) are carried out at different temperatures. For this purpose, a PDMAEMA ( M n = 17.8 kDa, Ð = 1.35) synthesized via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization is utilized. The progress of the quaternization reactions is followed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. As expected, the rate of quaternization is higher with increasing temperature. The experimental data are used to determine the following kinetic parameters: order of the reaction, Arrhenius' pre‐exponential factor, and activation energy. To the best of knowledge, this is the first contribution that provides detailed kinetic data of the quaternization reactions on PDMAEMA

CARMENES: data flow

CARMENES, the new Calar Alto spectrograph especially built for radial-velocity surveys of exoearths around M dwarfs, is a very complicated system. For reaching the goal of 1 m/s radial-velocity accuracy, it is appropriate not only to monitor stars with the best observing procedure, but to monitor also the parameters of the CARMENES subsystems and safely store all the engineer and science data. Here we describe the CARMENES data flow from the different subsystems, through the instrument control system and pipeline, to the virtual-observatory data server and astronomers