2,089 research outputs found
Magnetic nanostructures with structural inversion asymmetry
In the attempt of proposing new concepts for more efficient magnetic memories and logic devices, an intense scientific research is conducted in the field of Nanomagnetism and Spintronics. Accordingly, in the recent years a new discovery, going under the name of spin-orbit torques (SOTs), has attracted the attention of the scientific community. SOTs are expected to play a key role in the design of novel and more efficient spintronic devices based on the manipulation of the magnetic texture in ferromagnetic systems by electric currents. The origin of the SOTs is the strong spin-orbit interaction (SOI) in the material systems where such novel torques been observed, i.e. magnetic multilayers of the type: heavy metalferromagnetoxide. Moreover, the structural inversion asymmetry (SIA) characterizing those magnetic heterostructures is the second key factor in the generation of the SOTs.
This thesis reports on the observed SOT-driven magnetization manipulation in two different magnetic multilayers: TaCoFeBMgO and PtCoAlOx, employing Kerr microscopy. The two materials systems have an ultra-thin ferromagnetic layer (1 nm for the CoFeB layer, 0.9-1.4 nm for the Co layer) and a spontaneous magnetization pointing out-of-plane. All the investigated material stacks were patterned into 1-1.5 ÎĽm-wide, 8-28 ÎĽm -long magnetic nanowires (NWs).
First, a deterministic current--induced magnetization switching effect is observed in TaCoFeBMgO NWs. The symmetry and the efficiency of the magnetization reversal, due to the injection of current pulses of different lengths and amplitudes, are investigated. The experimental observations are in agreement with the presence of a strong SOT acting on the ferromagnet’s magnetization, which originates from the large spin-Hall effect (SHE) in the Ta layer.
Second, current-induced magnetic domain wall motion (CIDWM) is studied in NWs made of TaCoFeBMgO. The observed CIDWM along the conventional current, j, points to SOTs as the driving mechanism. The material system is found to exhibit a positive Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), generated at the TaCoFeB interface. The observed dependence of the CIDWM velocity on an applied longitudinal magnetic field, H_L, is in agreement with the scenario of a SHE-SOT-driven motion of DMI-stabilized right-handed homo-chiral DWs. Furthermore, the Boron is found to play a key role in the definition of the sign of the observed DMI.
Finally, fast CIDWM is observed in PtCoAlOx NWs. Here, the influence of the Co thickness, t_Co, on the DW motion is at the center of the study. The general dependence of the DW velocity on j and on H_L is in agreement with the interpretation based on DW moved by the SOT originating from the SHE in the Pt layer. A decrease in the magnitude of the effective negative DMI with an increasing t_Co is extracted, justifying the interpretation based on an interfacial origin for the DMI in our system. Finally, the DW width is observed to play a key role in the definition of the DW velocity dependence on the longitudinal field.Die Suche nach neuen Konzepten effizienterer magnetischer Speicher und elektronischer Logikbausteine inspiriert schon lange die wissenschaftliche Forschung im Bereich des Nanomagnetismus und der Spintronik. In Folge dessen zieht die Entdeckung der Spin-Bahn-Drehmomente (SBD) seit einigen Jahren große Aufmerksamkeit auf sich. Allen Erwartungen nach werden SBD eine Schlüsselrolle in der Entwicklung neuartiger und effizienterer Spintronikbausteine spielen, die auf der Manipulation magnetischer Texturen in ferromagnetischen Systemen durch elektrische Ströme basieren. Der Ursprung dieser neuartigen SBD ist die Spin-Bahn-Kopplung (SBK) in Materialsystemen wie z.B. magnetische Multilagensysteme der Form SchwermetallFerromagnetOxid. Die zweite Hauptvoraussetzung zur Erzeugung der SBD ist eine strukturelle Inversionsasymmetrie (SIA) in solchen magnetischen Heterostrukturen.
Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der Manipulation der Magnetisierung in zwei verschiedenen magnetischen Multilagensystemen durch die SBD: TaCoFeBMgO und PtCoAlOx, gemessen und abgebildet mit der Technik der Kerr-Mikroskopie. Beide Materialsysteme besitzen eine ultradünne ferromagnetische Schicht (1 nm im Falle von CoFeB, 0.9-1.4 nm im Falle von reinem Co), welche spontan senkrecht zur Ebene magnetisiert ist. Die untersuchten Multilagensysteme wurden so strukturiert, dass magnetische Nanodrähte (ND) erhalten wurden mit Breiten von 1-1.5 μm und Längen von 8-28 μm.
Zunächst wurde beobachtet, dass sich die Magnetisierung in TaCoFeBMgO ND mit Hilfe eines elektrischen Stroms deterministisch schalten lässt. Die Symmetrie und die Effizienz der Magnetisierungsumkehr wurden als Funktion von Strompulslänge und amplitude untersucht. Die experimentellen Beobachtungen sind in Übereinstimmung mit der Anwesenheit eines starken SBK-Effektes, welcher auf einem großen Spin-Hall Effekt (SHE) innerhalb der Ta-Schicht basiert und auf die Magnetisierung des Ferromagnets einwirkt.
Darüber hinaus wurde die durch den elektrischen Strom induzierte Bewegung magnetischer Domänenwände (DW) in ND aus TaCoFeBMgO untersucht. Die beobachtete Domänenwandbewegung entlang konventioneller Stromrichtung, j, deutet auf SBD als treibenden Mechanismus hin. Das Materialsystem zeigt zudem eine positive Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Wechselwirkung (DMWW), die durch die TaCoFeB-Grenzfläche entsteht. Die festgestellte Abhängigkeit der Domänenwandgeschwindigkeit vom longitudinal zu den ND angelegten Magnetfeld, H_L, kann erklärt werden durch die Annahme, dass rechtshändige, homo-chirale, DMWW-stabilisierte Domänenwände vorliegen, deren Bewegung durch SHE-SBD hervorgerufen wird. Darüber hinaus, wurde festgestellt, dass Bor eine Schlüsselrolle für das Vorzeichen der beobachteten DMWW spielt.
Schließlich wurde eine sehr schnelle Domänenwandbewegung in PtCoAlOx ND beobachtet. In diesem Fall ist der der Einfluss der Co-Schichtdicke, t_Co, der zentrale Gegenstand der Untersuchung. Die generelle Abhängigkeit der DW-Geschwindigkeit von j und H_L ist in Übereinstimmung mit der Interpretation, dass die DW durch die SBD aufgrund des SHE in der Pt-Schicht angetrieben werden. Eine Verringerung der Stärke der effektiven, negativen DMWW mit zunehmendem t_Co konnte extrahiert werden, wodurch die Interpretation des Ursprunges der DMWW an der Schichtgrenzfläche untermauert wird. Schließlich spielt die DW-Breite eine Schlüsselrolle für die Abhängigkeit der DW-Geschwindigkeit vom longitudinal angelegten Feld.183 S
Simplified Methods for the Dynamic Analysis of Single Pile in Layered Soils
In this paper, two simplified methods are used to calculate the impedance function of an axially loaded pile embedded in layered soils. The methods are: a semi-analytical procedure which uses the discrete layer stiffness matrices derived by Kausel and Roesset (1981), and the cone model which was developed by Wolf et al. (1992). A number of comparisons with more rigorous solutions are shown in order to assess the accuracy of the methods used
Sublinear-Space Bounded-Delay Enumeration for Massive Network Analytics: Maximal Cliques
Due to the sheer size of real-world networks, delay and space become quite relevant measures for the cost of enumeration in network analytics. This paper presents efficient algorithms for listing maximum cliques in networks, providing the first sublinear-space bounds with guaranteed delay per enumerated clique, thus comparing favorably with the known literature
DeterminaciĂłn de la edad y el crecimiento por esclerocronologĂa en la tortuga boba marina Caretta caretta del mar Mediterráneo
Skeletochronology was applied to humerus bones to assess the age and growth rates of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean Sea. Fifty-five dead turtles with curved carapace lengths (CCL) ranging from 24 to 86.5 cm were collected from the central Mediterranean. Sections of humeri were histologically processed to analyze annual growth marks. Two approaches were used to estimate the somatic growth in the form of a von Bertalanffy growth function. The first approach was based on calculating the total number of growth marks, which corresponds to the age of turtles at death. The second approach estimates the carapace length at old growth marks in order to provide the growth rate of each turtle. The observed individual growth rates ranged from 1.4 to 6.2 cm yr–1, and showed both elevated inter- and intra-individual variability possibly related to the environmental variability experienced by turtles during their lifetime. Both approaches gave similar results and suggest that Mediterranean loggerhead turtles take 14.9 to 28.5 years to reach a CCL of 66.5 to 84.7 cm. This size corresponds to the average size of nesting females found in the most important Mediterranean nesting sites and can be considered the approximate size at maturity.La esclerocronologĂa se aplicaba a los huesos de los hĂşmeros para determinar la edad y las tasas de crecimiento de la tortuga boba Caretta caretta del Mediterráneo. Cincuenta y cinco tortugas bobas muertas de 24 a 86.5 cm de longitud de la curvatura del caparazĂłn (CCL) fueron recogidas del Mediterráneo central. Secciones de los hĂşmeros fueron procesados histolĂłgicamente para analizar las marcas anuales de crecimiento. Se aplicaron dos aproximaciones para determinar el crecimiento somático utilizando la funciĂłn de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy. La primera aproximaciĂłn se basaba en el nĂşmero total de marcas de crecimiento, correspondiendo a la edad de las tortugas en el momento de la muerte. La segunda aproximaciĂłn era una estimaciĂłn de la longitud del caparazĂłn en las marcas de crecimiento más antiguas, con la intenciĂłn de saber la tasa de crecimiento de cada tortuga. Las tasas de crecimiento individual observadas, oscilaban entre 1.4 y 6.2 cm año–1, mostrando una elevada diversidad individual intra e interanual, posiblemente ligada a la variabilidad ambiental experimentada por las tortugas bobas durante su vida. Ambas aproximaciones dieron resultados similares y sugieren que la tortuga mediterránea tarda 14.5-28.5 años en alcanzar un tamaño de 66.5-84.7 cm de CCL. Este tamaño corresponde al tamaño medio de las tortugas bobas hembras nidificantes, encontradas en la mayorĂa de lugares nidificantes del Mediterráneo y puede ser considerado el tamaño aproximado de la madurez
Changes in personality factors, locus of control and creativity after a Theater-therapy intervention. Preliminary data
OBJECTIVE: The study assessed whether Theater-therapy based on Grotowski's method can improve creativity, internal locus of control and personality by promoting personal wellbeing. This study investigates the effects of Theater-therapy on: 1) personality, according to the Big five Theory; 2) internal locus of control; 3) verbal and figural creativity.
DESIGN: Eight adults took part in a 6-month intervention based on Theater-therapy and were administered the following tests at the beginning and at the end of the activity: Big five questionnaire, Locus of control scale, Torrance test of creative thinking.
RESULTS: The results showed an increase in all personality factors of Big Five, a more internal Locus of control, and an increase in creativity in the dimensions of fluidity, elaboration, originality and flexibility.
CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that Theater-therapy can be regarded as a tool promoting well-bein
Listing Subgraphs by Cartesian Decomposition
We investigate a decomposition technique for listing problems in graphs and set systems. It is based on the Cartesian product of some iterators, which list the solutions of simpler problems. Our ideas applies to several problems, and we illustrate one of them in depth, namely, listing all minimum spanning trees of a weighted graph G. Here iterators over the spanning trees for unweighted graphs can be obtained by a suitable modification of the listing algorithm by [Shioura et al., SICOMP 1997], and the decomposition of G is obtained by suitably partitioning its edges according to their weights. By combining these iterators in a Cartesian product scheme that employs Gray coding, we give the first algorithm which lists all minimum spanning trees of G in constant delay, where the delay is the time elapsed between any two consecutive outputs. Our solution requires polynomial preprocessing time and uses polynomial space
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