Measurement of residual nucleus cross sections and recoil energies in p + Fe collisions at 300, 500, 750, 1000 and 1500 MeV

The production of residual nuclei in p + Fe collisions has been measured at GSI on the FRS facility by means of the reverse kinematic techniques at 300, 500, 750, 1000 and 1500 MeV/A. The cross-sections larger than 0.01 mb of all isotopes with Z larger than 8 have been obtained. Velocity distributions were also measured. Comparisons to models describing spallation reactions and some empirical formulae often used in astrophysics are presented. These data are directly used to calculate impurety production and DPAs in a thin window as foreseen in spallation sources or accelerator-driven systems

Diversity of Meiofauna from the 9°50′N East Pacific Rise across a Gradient of Hydrothermal Fluid Emissions

Background: We studied the meiofauna community at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along a gradient of vent fluid emissions in the axial summit trought (AST) of the East Pacific Rise 9 degrees 50'N region. The gradient ranged from extreme high temperatures, high sulfide concentrations, and low pH at sulfide chimneys to ambient deep-sea water conditions on bare basalt. We explore meiofauna diversity and abundance, and discuss its possible underlying ecological and evolutionary processes. Methodology/Principal Findings: After sampling in five physico-chemically different habitats, the meiofauna was sorted, counted and classified. Abundances were low at all sites. A total of 52 species were identified at vent habitats. The vent community was dominated by hard substrate generalists that also lived on bare basalt at ambient deep-sea temperature in the axial summit trough (AST generalists). Some vent species were restricted to a specific vent habitat (vent specialists), but others occurred over a wide range of physico-chemical conditions (vent generalists). Additionally, 35 species were only found on cold bare basalt (basalt specialists). At vent sites, species richness and diversity clearly increased with decreasing influence of vent fluid emissions from extreme flow sulfide chimney (no fauna), high flow pompei worm (S: 4-7, H-loge': 0.11-0.45), vigorous flow tubeworm (S: 8-23; H-loge': 0.44-2.00) to low flow mussel habitats (S: 28-31; H-loge': 2.34-2.60). Conclusions/Significance: Our data suggest that with increasing temperature and toxic hydrogen sulfide concentrations and increasing amplitude of variation of these factors, fewer species are able to cope with these extreme conditions. This results in less diverse communities in more extreme habitats. The finding of many species being present at sites with and without vent fluid emissions points to a non endemic deep-sea hydrothermal vent meiofaunal community. This is in contrast to a mostly endemic macrofauna but similar to what is known for meiofauna from shallow-water vents

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Índice de qualidade ambiental suinícola (IQAS): Aspectos conceituais e metodológicos e aplicação Swine environmental quality index (SEQI): Conceptual and methodological aspects and case studies

O IQAS é uma ferramenta que avalia as condições nos sistemas de produção de suínos em relação ao meio ambiente, através de indicadores com pesos para identificação, exame e avaliação das características do local, da infra-estrutura e das formas de manejo. Os sistemas de produção avaliados se encontram na bacia hidrográfica do rio Toledo, estado do Paraná. A coleta de dados através de visitas técnicas atendeu ao conjunto de indicadores do IQAS. Com as informações realizaram-se simulações, classificando-se as unidades na faixa regular, irregular e crítica. Para as propriedades de pequeno porte, as que sofreram reformas nos bebedouros, cochos basculantes, esterqueiras e na rede coletora, se classificaram na faixa regular, na qual se enquadraram, também, as que possuem equipamentos para aplicação nas culturas, responsável pelas atividades e área disponível, representando 16,13%. Na faixa crítica, estas se encontram próximas aos recursos hídricos e residências, com esterqueiras em solo e baixa capacidade de armazenamento, com taxas de aplicação acima de 60 m³ ha-1, além de resíduos na área, com 32,26%. As demais unidades, 51,61%, se enquadraram como irregular o que implica em risco de poluição das águas.<br>SEQI is a tool that evaluates the conditions in swine production systems in relation to environment, by using indicators with weights for identification, examination and evaluation of the characteristics of location, infrastructure and farm management procedures. The production systems evaluated in this study are located in the Toledo River basin, Paraná state, Brazil. The collection of data through technical visits met the set of SEQI indicators. With the information, simulations were performed and the units were classified in three groups: regular, irregular and critical. For small farms, the ones that reformed their water nipples, storage tanks, feeding devices and pipe installations, were classified as regular, as well as the ones that have their own equipments for applying manure, a worker responsible for the activities and available area, representing 16.13%. In the critical level, 32.26% of the farms are located near water resources and housings, with manure in the ground and low storage capacity, with application rates above 60 m³ ha-1, besides presenting residues in the area. The other units (51.61%) were classified as irregular, which implies a risk of water pollution