Adding Bupivacaine to High-potassium Cardioplegia Improves Function and Reduces Cellular Damage of Rat Isolated Hearts after Prolonged, Cold Storage

Background Bupivacaine retards myocardial acidosis during ischemia. The authors measured function of rat isolated hearts after prolonged storage to determine whether bupivacaine improves cardiac protection compared with standard cardioplegia alone. Methods After measuring cardiac function on a Langendorff apparatus, hearts were perfused with cardioplegia alone (controls), cardioplegia containing 500 microm bupivacaine, or cardioplegia containing 2 mm lidocaine; were stored at 4 degrees C for 12 h; and were then reperfused. Heart rate and left ventricular developed pressures were measured for 60 min. Maximum positive rate of change in ventricular pressure, oxygen consumption, and lactate dehydrogenase release were also measured. Results All bupivacaine-treated, four of five lidocaine-treated, and no control hearts beat throughout the 60-min recovery period. Mean values of heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure, maximum positive rate of change in ventricular pressure, rate-pressure product, and efficiency in bupivacaine-treated hearts exceeded those of the control group (P < 0.001 at 60 min for all). Mean values of the lidocaine group were intermediate. Oxygen consumption of the control group exceeded the other groups early in recovery, but not at later times. Lactate dehydrogenase release from the bupivacaine group was less than that from the control group (P < 0.001) but did not differ from baseline. Conclusions Adding bupivacaine to a depolarizing cardioplegia solution reduces cell damage and improves cardiac function after prolonged storage. Metabolic inhibition may contribute to this phenomenon, which is not entirely explained by sodium channel blockade

Regulation of macrophage TNFA: Are the adenosine receptors and adenosine deaminase working together?

Regulation of macrophage TNFA: Are the adenosine receptors and adenosine deaminase working together

Nutritional Management of Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

nutrient

Additional file 4: Table S3. of Embedding weight management into safety-net pediatric primary care: randomized controlled trial

Skill-Building Core Sessions (Enhanced Program). (DOCX 22 kb

Pathway analysis in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ensemble approach

Despite a wealth of evidence for the role of genetics in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), specific and definitive genetic mechanisms have not been identified. Pathway analyses, a subset of gene-set analyses, extend the knowledge gained from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) by providing functional context for genetic associations. However, there are numerous methods for association testing of gene sets and no real consensus regarding the best approach. The present study applied six pathway analysis methods to identify pathways associated with ADHD in two GWAS datasets from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Methods that utilize genotypes to model pathway-level effects identified more replicable pathway associations than methods using summary statistics. In addition, pathways implicated by more than one method were significantly more likely to replicate. A number of brain-relevant pathways, such as RhoA signaling, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, fibroblast growth factor receptor activity, and pathways containing potassium channel genes, were nominally significant by multiple methods in both datasets. These results support previous hypotheses about the role of regulation of neurotransmitter release, neurite outgrowth and axon guidance in contributing to the ADHD phenotype and suggest the value of cross-method convergence in evaluating pathway analysis results. Peter Holmans (Schools to be added are MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Psychology

Additional file 2: of Embedding weight management into safety-net pediatric primary care: randomized controlled trial

CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial. (DOC 219 kb

Additional file 3: Table S2. of Embedding weight management into safety-net pediatric primary care: randomized controlled trial

Tools and Handouts Used by Pediatricians for Standard of Care Quarterly Consults. (DOCX 20 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Embedding weight management into safety-net pediatric primary care: randomized controlled trial

Available Resources and Intervention Components by Randomization Group. (DOCX 17 kb