Enteric methane mitigation strategies for ruminant livestock systems in the Latin America and Caribbean region: A meta-analysis

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) is a developing region characterized for its importance for global food security, producing 23 and 11% of the global beef and milk production, respectively. The region’s ruminant livestock sector however, is under scrutiny on environmental grounds due to its large contribution to enteric methane (CH4) emissions and influence on global climate change. Thus, the identification of effective CH4 mitigation strategies which do not compromise animal performance is urgently needed, especially in context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) defined in the Paris Agreement of the United Nations. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to: 1) collate a database of individual sheep, beef and dairy cattle records from enteric CH4 emission studies conducted in the LAC region, and 2) perform a meta-analysis to identify feasible enteric CH4 mitigation strategies, which do not compromise animal performance. After outlier’s removal, 2745 animal records (65% of the original data) from 103 studies were retained (from 2011 to 2021) in the LAC database. Potential mitigation strategies were classified into three main categories (i.e., animal breeding, dietary, and rumen manipulation) and up to three subcategories, totaling 34 evaluated strategies. A random effects model weighted by inverse variance was used (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.3.070). Six strategies decreased at least one enteric CH4 metric and simultaneously increased milk yield (MY; dairy cattle) or average daily gain (ADG; beef cattle and sheep). The breed composition F1 Holstein × Gyr decreased CH4 emission per MY (CH4IMilk) while increasing MY by 99%. Adequate strategies of grazing management under continuous and rotational stocking decreased CH4 emission per ADG (CH4IGain) by 22 and 35%, while increasing ADG by 22 and 71%, respectively. Increased dietary protein concentration, and increased concentrate level through cottonseed meal inclusion, decreased CH4IMilk and CH4IGain by 10 and 20% and increased MY and ADG by 12 and 31%, respectively. Lastly, increased feeding level decreased CH4IGain by 37%, while increasing ADG by 171%. The identified effective mitigation strategies can be adopted by livestock producers according to their specific needs and aid LAC countries in achieving SDG as defined in the Paris Agreemen

Enteric methane mitigation strategies for ruminant livestock systems in the Latin America and Caribbean region: A meta-analysis

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) is a developing region characterized for its importance for global food security, producing 23 and 11% of the global beef and milk production, respectively. The region's ruminant livestock sector however, is under scrutiny on environmental grounds due to its large contribution to enteric methane (CH4) emissions and influence on global climate change. Thus, the identification of effective CH4 mitigation strategies which do not compromise animal performance is urgently needed, especially in context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) defined in the Paris Agreement of the United Nations. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to: 1) collate a database of individual sheep, beef and dairy cattle records from enteric CH4 emission studies conducted in the LAC region, and 2) perform a meta-analysis to identify feasible enteric CH4 mitigation strategies, which do not compromise animal performance. After outlier's removal, 2745 animal records (65% of the original data) from 103 studies were retained (from 2011 to 2021) in the LAC database. Potential mitigation strategies were classified into three main categories (i.e., animal breeding, dietary, and rumen manipulation) and up to three subcategories, totaling 34 evaluated strategies. A random effects model weighted by inverse variance was used (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.3.070). Six strategies decreased at least one enteric CH4 metric and simultaneously increased milk yield (MY; dairy cattle) or average daily gain (ADG; beef cattle and sheep). The breed composition F1 Holstein x Gyr decreased CH4 emission per MY (CH4IMilk) while increasing MY by 99%. Adequate strategies of grazing management under continuous and rotational stocking decreased CH4 emission per ADG (CH4IGain) by 22 and 35%, while increasing ADG by 22 and 71%, respectively. Increased dietary protein concentration, and increased concentrate level through cottonseed meal inclusion, decreased CH4IMilk and CH4IGain by 10 and 20% and increased MY and ADG by 12 and 31%, respectively. Lastly, increased feeding level decreased CH4IGain by 37%, while increasing ADG by 171%. The identified effective mitigation strategies can be adopted by livestock producers according to their specific needs and aid LAC countries in achieving SDG as defined in the Paris Agreement

A percepção dos pacientes frente à consulta de enfermagem após o transplante renal

ABSTRACT: Purpose: this study aimed to analyze patients' perception of nursing consultations performed by professional nurses after kidney transplantation. Methodology: the research method was exploratory and descriptive with a qualitative approach, and the research with a form was carried out at the kidney transplant clinic of an institution specializing in kidney therapies. Results: the results showed three categories from the application of the forms: the occurrence of the nursing consultation, where the patients confirmed receiving the nurse's guidance; the patient's view of the effectiveness of nursing guidelines in consultations, which led to the observation that nurses actively participate; and the patient's degree of knowledge about their post-kidney transplant status. Conclusion: it is concluded that the role of nurses is essential for better adherence to treatment in the pre-transplantation phase, considering that therapeutic communication between professional and patient is extremely important for the survival of the kidney graft. Keywords: Chronic Renal Failure, Kidney Transplantation, Office Nursing.RESUMO: Objetivo: este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a percepção dos pacientes frente às consultas de enfermagem realizadas pelo profissional enfermeiro após o transplante renal. Metodologia: o método de pesquisa foi exploratório descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, sendo a pesquisa com formulário realizada no ambulatório de transplante renal de uma instituição especializada em terapias renais. Resultados: os resultados evidenciaram três categorias a partir da aplicação dos formulários: a ocorrência da consulta de enfermagem, onde os pacientes confirmaram receber as orientações do enfermeiro; olhar do paciente sobre a efetividade das orientações de enfermagem nas consultas, que levou a constatação de que o enfermeiro participa ativamente; e o grau de conhecimento do paciente quanto a sua condição de pós-transplante renal. Conclusão: conclui-se que a atuação do enfermeiro é fundamental para uma melhor adesão no tratamento na fase de pré-transplante, considerando de extrema importância uma comunicação terapêutica entre profissional e paciente para a sobrevida do enxerto renal. Palavras-Chave: Insuficiência Renal Crônica; Transplante de Rim; Enfermagem no Consultório

Spittlebug damage on tropical grass and its impact in pasture-based beef production systems

Spittlebugs are the main pest of tropical pastures and Marandu palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) is the most representative cultivated pasture in the tropics. Our objective was to characterize Marandu palisade grass responses subjected to Mahanarva (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) attack and to estimate the losses in terms of beef production from pasture-based systems. A set of five experiments were carried out. Three consecutive years of monitoring showed that Mahanarva spittlebugs increased their abundance after first rains with three to four peaks throughout the wet season. A decrease of 66% on herbage yield was observed in the greenhouse trial, with an average decrease of 61% on pools of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, crude protein, neutral-detergent fiber and in vitro digestible dry matter of Marandu palisade grass. Results from field experiments corroborated with greenhouse trial showing decreases on herbage yield varying from 31 to 43% depending on level of fertilization and grazing severity of Marandu palisade grass. Finally, an unprecedented 154-ha field experiment indicated that Mahanarva decreases 74% the beef productivity (i.e. kg body weight ha-1) of Nellore heifers grazing Marandu palisade grass

Enteric methane mitigation strategies for ruminant livestock systems in the Latin America and Caribbean region: A meta-analysis

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) is a developing region characterized for its importance for global food security, producing 23 and 11% of the global beef and milk production, respectively. The region's ruminant livestock sector however, is under scrutiny on environmental grounds due to its large contribution to enteric methane (CH4) emissions and influence on global climate change. Thus, the identification of effective CH4 mitigation strategies which do not compromise animal performance is urgently needed, especially in context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) defined in the Paris Agreement of the United Nations. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to: 1) collate a database of individual sheep, beef and dairy cattle records from enteric CH4 emission studies conducted in the LAC region, and 2) perform a meta-analysis to identify feasible enteric CH4 mitigation strategies, which do not compromise animal performance. After outlier's removal, 2745 animal records (65% of the original data) from 103 studies were retained (from 2011 to 2021) in the LAC database. Potential mitigation strategies were classified into three main categories (i.e., animal breeding, dietary, and rumen manipulation) and up to three subcategories, totaling 34 evaluated strategies. A random effects model weighted by inverse variance was used (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.3.070). Six strategies decreased at least one enteric CH4 metric and simultaneously increased milk yield (MY; dairy cattle) or average daily gain (ADG; beef cattle and sheep). The breed composition F1 Holstein × Gyr decreased CH4 emission per MY (CH4IMilk) while increasing MY by 99%. Adequate strategies of grazing management under continuous and rotational stocking decreased CH4 emission per ADG (CH4IGain) by 22 and 35%, while increasing ADG by 22 and 71%, respectively. Increased dietary protein concentration, and increased concentrate level through cottonseed meal inclusion, decreased CH4IMilk and CH4IGain by 10 and 20% and increased MY and ADG by 12 and 31%, respectively. Lastly, increased feeding level decreased CH4IGain by 37%, while increasing ADG by 171%. The identified effective mitigation strategies can be adopted by livestock producers according to their specific needs and aid LAC countries in achieving SDG as defined in the Paris Agreement.Fil: Congio, Guilhermo Francklin de Souza. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Brasil. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria; ColombiaFil: Bannink, André. University of Agriculture Wageningen; Países BajosFil: Mayorga Mogollón, Olga Lucía. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria; ColombiaFil: Jaurena, Gustavo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Nutrición Animal; ArgentinaFil: Gonda, Horacio Leandro. Uppsala Universitet; SueciaFil: Gere, José Ignacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Cerón Cucchi, María Esperanza. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz Chura, Abimael. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Tieri, María Paz. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea. - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Hernandez, Olegario. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Tucuman-Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Ricci, Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación Para la Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible. Grupo Vinculado Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado Al Ipads | Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Innovación Para la Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible. Grupo Vinculado Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado Al Ipads.; ArgentinaFil: Juliarena, María Paula. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Lombardi, Banira. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Abdalla, Adibe Luiz. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Abdalla Filho, Adibe Luiz. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Berndt, Alexandre. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Oliveira, Patrícia Perondi Anchão. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Henrique, Fábio Luis. Colegios Asociados de Uberaba; BrasilFil: Monteiro, Alda Lúcia Gomes. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Borges, Luiza Ilha. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Ribeiro Filho, Henrique Mendonça Nunes. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Ribeiro Pereira, Luiz Gustavo. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Tomich, Thierry Ribeiro. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Campos, Mariana Magalhães. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Machado, Fernanda Samarini. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Marcondes, Marcos Inácio. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.; BrasilFil: Mercadante, Maria Eugênia Zerlotti. Agencia de Tecnología Agroindustrial de Sao Paulo; ArgentinaFil: Sakamoto, Leandro Sannomiya. Agencia de Tecnología Agroindustrial de Sao Paulo; ArgentinaFil: Albuquerque, Lucia Galvão. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Carvalho, Paulo César de Faccio. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Hristov, Alexander Nikolov. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos. University of Agriculture Wageningen; Países Bajos. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria; Colombi

Enteric methane mitigation strategies for ruminant livestock systems in the Latin America and Caribbean region: a meta-analysis.

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) is a developing region characterized for its importance for global food security, producing 23 and 11% of the global beef and milk production, respectively. The region?s ruminant livestock sector however, is under scrutiny on environmental grounds due to its large contribution to enteric methane (CH4) emissions and influence on global climate change. Thus, the identification of effective CH4 mitigation strategies which do not compromise animal performance is urgently needed, especially in context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) defined in the Paris Agreement of the United Nations. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to: 1) collate a database of individual sheep, beef and dairy cattle records from enteric CH4 emission studies conducted in the LAC region, and 2) perform a meta-analysis to identify feasible enteric CH4 mitigation strategies, which do not compromise animal performance. After outlier?s removal, 2745 animal records (65% of the original data) from 103 studies were retained (from 2011 to 2021) in the LAC database. Potential mitigation strategies were classified into three main categories (i.e., animal breeding, dietary, and rumen manipulation) and up to three subcategories, totaling 34 evaluated strategies. A random effects model weighted by inverse variance was used (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.3.070). Six strategies decreased at least one enteric CH4 metric and simultaneously increased milk yield (MY; dairy cattle) or average daily gain (ADG; beef cattle and sheep). The breed composition F1 Holstein × Gyr decreased CH4 emission per MY (CH4IMilk) while increasing MY by 99%. Adequate strategies of grazing management under continuous and rotational stocking decreased CH4 emission per ADG (CH4IGain) by 22 and 35%, while increasing ADG by 22 and 71%, respectively. Increased dietary protein concentration, and increased concentrate level through cottonseed meal inclusion, decreased CH4IMilk and CH4IGain by 10 and 20% and increased MY and ADG by 12 and 31%, respectively. Lastly, increased feeding level decreased CH4IGain by 37%, while increasing ADG by 171%. The identified effective mitigation strategies can be adopted by livestock producers according to their specific needs and aid LAC countries in achieving SDG as defined in the Paris Agreement

Pastejo rotativo em capim-elefante para vacas leiteiras: estratégias de pastejo, produtividade animal, emissões de metano entérico e de óxido nitroso

Pasture-based systems are important milk suppliers to dairy industry and thereby will play relevant role to support the growing demand for food. However, this additional milk supply must be obtained through higher yields resulting from intensification of existing farming systems through strategies environmentally friendly and economically profitable towards sustainable intensification. The central hypothesis of this study was that simple grazing management strategies can improve the efficiency while reduce the key environmental issues of tropical pasture-based dairy systems. Two experiments were carried out on a rainfed and non-irrigated elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Cameroon) pasture in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The objective of the first experiment was to investigate the influence of two pre-grazing targets (95% and maximum canopy light interception during pasture regrowth; LI95% and LIMAX, respectively) on sward structure and herbage nutritive value, dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, stocking rate, enteric methane (CH4) emissions by Holstein × Jersey dairy cows, and nitrous oxide fluxes from the soil. Results indicated that pre-grazing canopy height was greater for LIMAX (≈135 cm) than LI95% (≈100 cm) and can be used as a reliable field guide for monitoring sward structure. Grazing management based on the LI95% target improved herbage nutritive value and grazing efficiency, allowing greater DMI, milk yield and stocking rate by dairy cows. Daily enteric CH4 emission was not affected; however, cows grazing elephant grass at LI95% were more efficient and emitted 21% less CH4/kg of milk yield and 18% less CH4/kg of DMI. The 51% increase in milk yield per hectare overcame the 29% increase in enteric CH4 emissions per hectare for the LI95% target. Nitrous oxide fluxes were not affected by pre-grazing targets. Overall, strategic grazing management is an environmentally friendly practice that improves the use efficiency of allocated resources through optimization of processes involving plant, ruminant and their interface, and enhances milk production efficiency of tropical pasture-based systems. Once the ideal pre-grazing target was established during he first experiment (LI95%), the second step consisted of a refinement of the first phase. The second objective was to describe and measure the influence of two timings of new paddock allocation to cows (AM and PM) on herbage chemical composition and DMI, milk yield, milk compostion, and enteric CH4 emissions of Holstein × Jersey dairy cows. Results supported the general understanding of diurnal variation in herbage chemical composition towards greater concentrations of dry matter and non-fibrous carbohydrates, and lower concentration of fiber components in the afternoon herbage. However, the higher nutritive value of the afternoon herbage did not result in increasead DMI and milk yield, or decreased intensity of CH4 emission by dairy cows. Our findings also indicate that new paddock allocation in the afternoon can be a simple and useful grazing strategy that results in greater N partitioning to protein yield, and lower excretion of urea N in milk. The association of LI95% pre-grazing target and PM allocation could bring economic, productive and environmental benefits towards sustainable intensification of tropical pasture-based systems.Sistemas baseados no uso de pastagens são importantes fornecedores de leite para a indústria de latícinios e, dessa forma, terão papel relevante para suportar a crescente demanda por alimentos. No entanto, essa oferta adicional de leite deve ser obtida através de maiores produtividades resultantes da intensificação de sistemas de produção já existentes por meio de estratégias ambientalmente seguras e economicamente rentáveis em direção à intensificação sustentável. A hipótese central deste estudo foi que estratégias simples de manejo do pastejo podem melhorar a eficiência e, ao mesmo tempo, reduzir os principais impactos ambientais dos sistemas de produção animal em pastagens tropicais. Foram realizados dois experimentos em pastagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. Cv. Cameroon) não-irrigada em Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. O objetivo do primeiro experimento foi avaliar a influência de duas metas pré-pastejo (95% e máxima interceptação de luz pelo dossel durante a rebrotação; IL95% e ILMáx, respectivamente) sobre a estrutura do pasto e valor nutritivo da forragem, consumo de matéria seca (CMS), produção de leite, taxa de lotação, emissões de metano entérico (CH4) de vacas HPB × Jersey, e o fluxo de óxido nitroso dos solos. Os resultados indicaram que a altura pré-pastejo foi maior para ILMáx (≈135 cm) do que IL95% (≈100 cm) e pode ser usada como um guia de campo confiável para monitorar a estrutura do pasto. O manejo do pastejo com base nos critérios de IL95% melhorou o valor nutritivo da forragem e a eficiência de pastejo, permitindo maior CMS, produção de leite e taxa de lotação. A emissão diária de CH4 entérico não foi afetada; no entanto, as vacas que pastejaram o capim-elefante manejado por IL95% foram mais eficientes e emitiram 21% menos CH4/kg de leite e 18% menos CH4/kg de MS consumida. O aumento de 51% na produção de leite por hectare superou o aumento de 29% nas emissões de CH4 entérico por hectare para a meta IL95%. Os fluxos de óxido nitroso não foram afetados pelas metas pré-pastejo. De maneira geral, o manejo do pastejo com base na meta IL95% é uma prática ambientalmente segura que melhora a eficiência de uso dos recursos alocados por meio da otimização de processos envolvendo plantas, ruminantes e sua interface, e aumenta a eficiência da produção de leite em sistemas baseados em pastagens tropicais. Uma vez que a meta pré-pastejo ideal foi estabelecida durante o primeiro experimento (IL95%), a segunda etapa consistiu-se em um refinamento da primeira. O segundo objetivo foi descrever e medir a influência de dois horários de alocação de novos piquetes aos animais (AM e PM) sobre a composição química da forragem, CMS, produção e composição do leite, e emissões de CH4 entérico de vacas HPB × Jersey. Os resultados confirmaram a compreensão geral da variação diurna na composição química da forragem em direção a maiores concentrações de matéria seca e de carboidratos não-fibrosos, e menor concentração de componentes da fibra na forragem amostrada pela à tarde. No entanto, o maior valor nutritivo da forragem da tarde não aumentou o CMS e a produção de leite, nem diminuiu a intensidade de emissão de CH4 das vacas leiteiras. Os resultados também indicaram que a alocação à tarde pode ser uma estratégia de manejo simples e útil que resulta em maior partição de N para produção de proteína, e menor excreção de N ureico no leite. A associação da meta pré-pastejo IL95% e a alocação do rebanho para um novo piquete à tarde poderia trazer benefícios econômicos, produtivos e ambientais para a intensificação sustentável de sistemas baseados em pastagens tropicais