Data quality processing for photovoltaic system measurements

The operation and maintenance activities in photovoltaic systems use meteorological and electrical measurements that must be reliable to check system performance. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards have established general criteria to filter erroneous information; however, there is no standardized process for the evaluation of measurements. In the present work we developed 3 procedures to detect and correct measurements of a photovoltaic system based on the single diode model. The performance evaluation of each criterion was tested with 6 groups of experimental measurements from a 3 kWp installation. Based on the error of the 3 procedures performed, the most unfavorable case has been prioritized. Then, the reduction of errors between the estimated and measured value has been achieved, reducing the number of measurements to be corrected. For the clear sky categories, the coefficient of determination is 0.9975 and 0.9961 for the high irradiance profile. Although an increase of 2.5% for coefficient of determination has been achieved, the overcast sky categories should be analyzed in more detail. Finally, the different causes of measurement error should be analyzed, associated with calibration errors and sensor quality

Fetal undernutrition is associated with perinatal sex-dependent alterations in oxidative status

This is the published version of a work that was accepted for publication in The Journal of Nutritional Biochemestry. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in The Journal of Nutritional Biochemestry 26.12 (2015). DOI: 10.1016/jnubio.2015.09.004Intrauterine growth retardation predisposes to hypertension development, known as fetal programming. Females are less susceptible, which has been mainly attributed to estrogen influence. We hypothesize that perinatal differences in oxidative status might also contribute. We studied 21-day-old (prepuberal) and 6-month-old male and female Intrauterine growth retardation predisposes to hypertension development, known as fetal programming. Females are less susceptible, which has been mainly attributed to estrogen influence. We hypothesize that perinatal differences in oxidative status might also contribute. We studied 21-day-old (prepuberal) and 6-month-old male and female offspring from rats fed ad libitum during gestation (Control) or with 50% of Control daily intake from day 10 to delivery (maternal undernutrition, MUN). We assessed in vivo blood pressure and the following plasma biomarkers of oxidative status: protein carbonyls, thiols, reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity, superoxide anion scavenging activity (SOSA) and catalase activities; we calculated a global score (oxy-score) from them. Estradiol and melatonin concentration was measured in young rats. Prepuberal MUN males were normotensive but already exhibited increased carbonyls and lower thiols, GSH, SOSA and melatonin; oxy-score was significantly lower compared to Control males. Prepuberal MUN females only exhibited reduced SOSA compared to Control females. Adult rats from all experimental groups showed a significant increase in carbonyls and a decrease in antioxidants compared to prepuberal rats; oxy-score was negative in adult rats suggesting the development of a prooxidative status as rat age. Adult MUN males were hypertensive and exhibited the highest increase in carbonyls despite similar or even higher antioxidant levels compared to Controls. Adult MUN females remained normotensive and did not exhibit differences in any of the biomarkers compared to Controls. The better global antioxidant status developed by MUN females during perinatal life could contribute to their protection against hypertension programming.offspring from rats fed ad libitum during gestation (Control) or with 50% of Control daily intake from day 10 to delivery (maternal undernutrition, MUN). We assessed in vivo blood pressure and the following plasma biomarkers of oxidative status: protein carbonyls, thiols, reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity, superoxide anion scavenging activity (SOSA) and catalase activities; we calculated a global score (oxy-score) from them. Estradiol and melatonin concentration was measured in young rats. Prepuberal MUN males were normotensive but already exhibited increased carbonyls and lower thiols, GSH, SOSA and melatonin; oxy-score was significantly lower compared to Control males. Prepuberal MUN females only exhibited reduced SOSA compared to Control females. Adult rats from all experimental groups showed a significant increase in carbonyls and a decrease in antioxidants compared to prepuberal rats; oxy-score was negative in adult rats suggesting the development of a prooxidative status as rat age. Adult MUN males were hypertensive and exhibited the highest increase in carbonyls despite similar or even higher antioxidant levels compared to Controls. Adult MUN females remained normotensive and did not exhibit differences in any of the biomarkers compared to Controls. The better global antioxidant status developed by MUN females during perinatal life could contribute to their protection against hypertension programming.This work was supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Spain (grant number FEM2012-37634-C03-01 to S. M. Arribas) and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Banco - Santander (Interuniversity Cooperation Project, Center for Latin American Studies, Santander, USA 2013–2014 to M. A. Martín-Cabrejas)

Evaluación de la red de distribución: conexión del vehículo eléctrico híbrido enchufable

The evaluation of new technologies in the electrical system is relevant for the planning and operation of the electrical network, this allows to provide a quality electrical service to the final users and to preserve the operation of the electrical system. The present research analyzes the integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs) in the electric distribution network. The European low voltage 906 busbar electric system of the IEEE is used as a test system, considering the increase of the electric demand depending on the operation, charging time, technology and autonomy of this new mobility technology. Through an analytical-non-experimental methodology, the following factors were analyzed: voltage variation, electrical energy losses and increase in demand in the medium and long term. The results obtained show that for levels of irruption of this new technology it is necessary to repower the current electrical network to preserve the stable operating conditions of the electrical system and to comply with the regulations of the electrical sector, the results show that the massive and uncontrolled connection has a great impact on the operation of the electrical network.La evaluación de nuevas tecnologías en el sistema eléctrico es pertinente para la planificación y operación de la red eléctrica, esto permite brindar un servicio eléctrico de calidad a los usuarios finales y preservar la operación del sistema eléctrico. La presente investigación analiza la integración de los vehículos eléctricos híbridos enchufables (VEHE) en la red eléctrica de distribución, el sistema eléctrico Europeo de Baja Tensión de 906 barras del IEEE es usado como sistema de prueba, considerando el incremento de la demanda eléctrica en función de la operación, horario de carga, tecnología y autonomía de esta nueva tecnología de movilidad. A través de una metodología analítico-no experimental, los siguientes factores fueron analizados: variación de tensión, pérdidas de energía eléctrica e incremento de la demanda en el mediano y largo plazo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que para niveles de irrupción de esta nueva tecnología es necesario repotenciar la red eléctrica actual para preservar las condiciones de operación estables del sistema eléctrico y cumplir con la normativa del sector eléctrico, los resultados muestran que la conexión masiva y sin control tiene una gran repercusión en la operación de la red eléctrica

Evaluación de la red de distribución: conexión del vehículo eléctrico híbrido enchufable

The evaluation of new technologies in the electrical system is relevant for the planning and operation of the electrical network, this allows to provide a quality electrical service to the final users and to preserve the operation of the electrical system. The present research analyzes the integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs) in the electric distribution network. The European low voltage 906 busbar electric system of the IEEE is used as a test system, considering the increase of the electric demand depending on the operation, charging time, technology and autonomy of this new mobility technology. Through an analytical-non-experimental methodology, the following factors were analyzed: voltage variation, electrical energy losses and increase in demand in the medium and long term. The results obtained show that for levels of irruption of this new technology it is necessary to repower the current electrical network to preserve the stable operating conditions of the electrical system and to comply with the regulations of the electrical sector, the results show that the massive and uncontrolled connection has a great impact on the operation of the electrical network.La evaluación de nuevas tecnologías en el sistema eléctrico es pertinente para la planificación y operación de la red eléctrica, esto permite brindar un servicio eléctrico de calidad a los usuarios finales y preservar la operación del sistema eléctrico. La presente investigación analiza la integración de los vehículos eléctricos híbridos enchufables (VEHE) en la red eléctrica de distribución, el sistema eléctrico Europeo de Baja Tensión de 906 barras del IEEE es usado como sistema de prueba, considerando el incremento de la demanda eléctrica en función de la operación, horario de carga, tecnología y autonomía de esta nueva tecnología de movilidad. A través de una metodología analítico-no experimental, los siguientes factores fueron analizados: variación de tensión, pérdidas de energía eléctrica e incremento de la demanda en el mediano y largo plazo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que para niveles de irrupción de esta nueva tecnología es necesario repotenciar la red eléctrica actual para preservar las condiciones de operación estables del sistema eléctrico y cumplir con la normativa del sector eléctrico, los resultados muestran que la conexión masiva y sin control tiene una gran repercusión en la operación de la red eléctrica

Diseño autónomo del sistema solar térmico para la deshidratación indirecta de Aguaymanto (Physalis Peruviana L.), Junín

This paper aimed to design an autonomous indirect solar dryer, which can dehydrate the aguaymanto in a costeffective manner, yielding a quality product suitable for export from the central part highland of Peru. To complete this task, it was proposed to design a prototype of autonomous solar dryer of 100 kg per batch of aguaymanto, equipped with flat reflectors and forced air feed, and powered with photovoltaic energy. This system allows to dry aguaymanto fruit at the requirements needed for its exportation. The fryer has the following dimensions: inner dimensions of the drying chamber: bottom 0.60 m, width 1.40 m, and height 1.10 m, with additional 0.05 m for insulation. Hence, the outer measures are bottom 0.70 m, width 1.50 m, and height 1.20 m. Two solar collectors are proposed with the dimensions of each: 1.50 m wide, 2.40 m long, and 0.15 m height; 2 flat mirror reflectors are required. A 80 Wp photovoltaic panel was selected for the forced air system and process control. This solar dryer is expected to cope with the problem of post-harvest deterioration. Also, it will facilitate the export by improving product quality and providing a cost-effective technology.Com o propósito de ter  um secador solar indireto autônomo para desidratar aguaymanto (uchuva), da region alta central em nosso país, foi proposto  um protótipo de secador solar autônomo de 100 kg por lote de aguaymanto, com refletores planos e ar forçado usando energia fotovoltaica que permite uma secagem da fruta com qualidade de acordo  aos requisitos de exportação. As dimensões do secador são as seguintes: dimensões internas da câmara de secagem com profundidade de 0,60 m, largura 1,40 m altura 1,10 m e 0,05 m de isolamento, as medidas externas são, profundidade de 0,70 m, largura de 1,50 m, altura de 1,20 m . São propostos dois coletores solares com dimensões de: 1,50 m de largura, 2,40 m de comprimento e 0,15 m de altura,  serão necessários 2 espelhos refletores planos. Um painel fotovoltaico de 80 Wp foi selecionado para o sistema de ar forçado e controle de processo. Este secador solar permitirá resolver o problema de deteriodo pós-colheita e facilitará a exportação  com qualidade e menor custo econômico.Con el propósito de tener un diseño de secador solar indirecto autónomo para deshidratar el aguaymanto, que sea económico y de calidad y que permita exportar de la parte alta central de nuestro país, se propuso el objetivo general: diseñar, un prototipo de autónomo secador solar de 100 kg por lote de aguaymanto, con reflectores planos y aire forzado alimentado con energía fotovoltaica que permita secar esta fruta con los requisitos para su exportación. Las dimensiones de la secadora son las siguientes: dimensiones interiores de la cámara de secado: fondo 0,60 m, ancho 1,40 m, altura 1,10 m, y 0,05 m para el aislamiento, por lo que las medidas exteriores son fondo 0,70 m, ancho 1,50 m, altura 1,20 m. Se proponen dos colectores solares con dimensiones cada una de: 1,50 m de ancho, 2,40 m de largo y 0,15 m de alto, de los cuales se requerirán 2 reflectores de espejo plano. Se seleccionó un panel fotovoltaico de 80 Wp para el sistema de aire forzado y el control del procesado. Este secador solar permitirá abordar el problema del deterioro posterior a la cosecha y facilitará la exportación, porque mejorará la calidad y el costo económic

Ingles 1-HE03-201600

Inglés 1 es un curso general de carácter práctico ofrecido por el Área de Inglés dirigido a los estudiantes de todas las carreras y ciclos. El curso busca desarrollar las competencias comunicativas orales y escritas en el idioma inglés a nivel básico como parte del programa de cumplimiento del requisito de idioma en la universidad.El mundo de hoy exige profesionales calificados y el idioma inglés es el escogido para comunicarse en el mercado global. Respondiendo a las necesidades de un mundo que cambia rápidamente el curso invita a nuestros estudiantes a aprender y desarrollar las cuatro habilidades básicas necesarias en un idioma extranjero: escuchar hablar leer y escribir. Con la construcción de estas habilidades y la exploración de nuevas ideas los estudiantes serán capaces de entender hablar leer y escribir en inglés según el nivel en el que se encuentren