Feasibility of recovered toner powder as an integral pigment in concrete

Colour is an important property in many construction materials with pigments, coatings and paints being used primarily for aesthetic, safety and restoration purposes. However, the use of integral pigments in materials like mortar and concrete can significantly increase material costs. Recovered toner powder (RTP) from printer and photocopier cartridges has the potential to be a low cost, sustainable alternative pigment. The aim of this research was to examine the feasibility of using cyan, yellow, magenta and black RTP to create a range of colour options for mortar and concrete, and thereafter assess the colour stability in outdoor, indoor, UV and wet/dry conditions using the colour change parameter (ΔE). The work showed that the RTP as a pigment could be blended to make a range of primary and secondary colours had good colour stability in all environments with minimal impact on selected properties of hardened concrete

Effect of vacuum cooking treatment on physicochemical and structural characteristics of purple-flesh potato

Cook-vide (CV, vacuum boiling) and sous-vide (SV, cooking in a vacuum-sealed pouch) have been applied to cook purple-flesh potatoes. Response surface methodology (RSM) sets up the work conditions of temperatures (78 92 °C) and times (16 44 min). Textural parameters, colour and anthocyanins have been measured in cooked samples, and microstructure of cooked tissues was observed with cryo-SEM technique. CV and SV provided similar hardness (P > 0.05), while SV treatments provided samples more adhesive and cohesive than CV ones (P ≤ 0.05). Micrographs of cooked samples showed rounder cells in cook-vide samples and higher swelling than in sous-vide ones. SV treatment avoided the leaching into the water of anthocyanins (chromophore) retaining more of them in potatoes (P ≤ 0.05), as a consequence of which total colour difference was lower in SV samples compared with CV ones (P ≤ 0.05). Particularly, CV samples were lighter (higher values of L*) and less reddish (lower values of +a*) than SV ones (P ≤ 0.05).Consuelo Iborra-Bernad has received research grant from the Generalitat Valenciana. Purificacion Garcia-Segovia declares that she has no conflict of interest. Javier Martinez-Monzo declares that he has no conflict of interest.Iborra Bernad, MDC.; García Segovia, P.; Martínez Monzó, J. (2014). Effect of vacuum cooking treatment on physicochemical and structural characteristics of purple-flesh potato. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 49(4):943-951. doi:10.1111/ijfs.12385S943951494Alarcão-E-Silva, M. L. C. M. M., Leitão, A. E. B., Azinheira, H. G., & Leitão, M. C. A. (2001). The Arbutus Berry: Studies on its Color and Chemical Characteristics at Two Mature Stages. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 14(1), 27-35. doi:10.1006/jfca.2000.0962Alvarez, M. D., & Canet, W. (1999). 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Cell wall modifications during cooking of potatoes and sweet potatoes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(2), 216-218. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(20000115)80:23.0.co;2-6Bontempo, P., Carafa, V., Grassi, R., Basile, A., Tenore, G. C., Formisano, C., … Altucci, L. (2013). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities of Solanum tuberosum L. var. Vitelotte. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 55, 304-312. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.048Box, G. E. P., & Hunter, J. S. (1957). Multi-Factor Experimental Designs for Exploring Response Surfaces. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 28(1), 195-241. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177707047Brown, C. R. (2005). Antioxidants in potato. American Journal of Potato Research, 82(2), 163-172. doi:10.1007/bf02853654De Baerdemaeker, J., & Nicolaï, B. M. (1995). Equipment considerations for sous vide cooking. Food Control, 6(4), 229-236. doi:10.1016/0956-7135(95)00008-fFan, G., Han, Y., Gu, Z., & Chen, D. (2008). 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International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 1(1), 54-60. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2011.11.011Greve, L. C., Shackel, K. A., Ahmadi, H., McArdle, R. N., Gohlke, J. R., & Labavitch, J. M. (1994). Impact of Heating on Carrot Firmness: Contribution of Cellular Turgor. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42(12), 2896-2899. doi:10.1021/jf00048a047Hoover, R. (2001). Composition, molecular structure, and physicochemical properties of tuber and root starches: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 45(3), 253-267. doi:10.1016/s0144-8617(00)00260-5Iborra-Bernad, C., Philippon, D., García-Segovia, P., & Martínez-Monzó, J. (2013). Optimizing the texture and color of sous-vide and cook-vide green bean pods. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 51(2), 507-513. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2012.12.001Jarvis, M. C. (1998). Intercellular separation forces generated by intracellular pressure. Plant, Cell and Environment, 21(12), 1307-1310. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00363.xJarvis, M. C., Mackenzie, E., & Duncan, H. J. (1992). The textural analysis of cooked potato. 2. Swelling pressure of starch during gelatinisation. Potato Research, 35(1), 93-102. doi:10.1007/bf02357730JARVIS, M. C., BRIGGS, S. P. H., & KNOX, J. P. (2003). Intercellular adhesion and cell separation in plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 26(7), 977-989. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01034.xKarlsson, M. E., & Eliasson, A.-C. (2003). Gelatinization and retrogradation of potato (Solanum tuberosum) starch in situ as assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). LWT - Food Science and Technology, 36(8), 735-741. doi:10.1016/s0023-6438(03)00093-8Lachman, J., Hamouz, K., Šulc, M., Orsák, M., Pivec, V., Hejtmánková, A., … Čepl, J. (2009). Cultivar differences of total anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in red and purple-fleshed potatoes and their relation to antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 114(3), 836-843. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.029Martínez-Hernández, G. B., Artés-Hernández, F., Colares-Souza, F., Gómez, P. A., García-Gómez, P., & Artés, F. (2012). Innovative Cooking Techniques for Improving the Overall Quality of a Kailan-Hybrid Broccoli. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6(8), 2135-2149. doi:10.1007/s11947-012-0871-0Moyano, P. C., Troncoso, E., & Pedreschi, F. (2007). Modeling Texture Kinetics during Thermal Processing of Potato Products. Journal of Food Science, 72(2), E102-E107. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00267.xMUDAHAR, G. S., TOLEDO, R. T., & JEN, J. J. (1990). A RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY APPROACH to OPTIMIZE POTATO DEHYDRATION PROCESS. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 14(2), 93-106. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4549.1990.tb00831.xOren-Shamir, M. (2009). Does anthocyanin degradation play a significant role in determining pigment concentration in plants? Plant Science, 177(4), 310-316. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.06.015Patras, A., Brunton, N. P., O’Donnell, C., & Tiwari, B. K. (2010). Effect of thermal processing on anthocyanin stability in foods; mechanisms and kinetics of degradation. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 21(1), 3-11. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2009.07.004Rinaldi, M., Dall’Asta, C., Meli, F., Morini, E., Pellegrini, N., Gatti, M., & Chiavaro, E. (2012). Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Sous-Vide-Processed Carrots and Brussels Sprouts. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6(11), 3076-3087. doi:10.1007/s11947-012-0973-8Schafheitle, J. M. (1990). The Sous‐vide System for Preparing Chilled Meals. British Food Journal, 92(5), 23-27. doi:10.1108/00070709010139427Schellekens, M. (1996). New research issues in sous-vide cooking. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 7(8), 256-262. doi:10.1016/0924-2244(96)10027-3Shomer, I. (1995). Swelling behaviour of cell wall and starch in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber cells — I. Starch leakage and structure of single cells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 26(1), 47-54. doi:10.1016/0144-8617(95)98834-4Shomer, I., Vasiliver, R., & Lindner, P. (1995). Swelling behaviour of cell wall and starch in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber cells — II. Permeability and swelling in macerates. Carbohydrate Polymers, 26(1), 55-59. doi:10.1016/0144-8617(95)98835-5Singh, K., Chugh, V., Sahi, G. K., & Chhuneja, P. (2012). Wheat: Mechanisms and Genetic Means for Improving Heat Tolerance. Improving Crop Resistance to Abiotic Stress, 657-694. doi:10.1002/9783527632930.ch29THYBO, A. K., MARTENS, H. J., & LYSHEDE, O. B. (2006). Texture and Microstructure of Steam Cooked, Vacuum Packed Potatoes. Journal of Food Science, 63(4), 692-695. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb15814.xTrejo Araya, X. I., Smale, N., Zabaras, D., Winley, E., Forde, C., Stewart, C. M., & Mawson, A. J. (2009). Sensory perception and quality attributes of high pressure processed carrots in comparison to raw, sous-vide and cooked carrots. 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Occupational UV exposure of environmental agents in Valencia, Spain

The aim of this paper is to measure UV exposure of environmental agents in their occupational schedules in summer in Valencia province (Spain) using VioSpor personal dosimeters attached to several parts of their bodies. Due to its geographical situation, Valencia receives large UVR doses throughout the year, and the work of environmental agents is directly related to the protection, care, and custody of natural, often in mountainous areas. Comparison with the occupational UV exposure limit showed that the agents received an erythemal UV dose in excess of occupational guidelines, indicating that protective measures against this risk are highly advisable.The authors wish to thank the environmental agents of the Conselleria de Infraestructuras, Territorio y Medio Ambiente of the Generalitat Valenciana for their cooperation in this study. We also wish to thank the Head of the Conselleria for permitting the workers to take part. We are also grateful to the State Agency for Meteorology and the Generalitat Valenciana for providing us with access to their meteorological data. The data used in this work were originally acquired as part of the activities of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, and are archived and distributed by the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC). The translation of this study was funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain. The research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within Research Project CGL2010-15931 and by the Generalitat Valenciana within the PROMETEO/2010/064 Project.Serrano Jareño, MA.; Cañada, J.; Moreno Esteve, JC.; Gurrea Ysasi, G. (2014). Occupational UV exposure of environmental agents in Valencia, Spain. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 90:911-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12252S91191890Juzeniene, A., Brekke, P., Dahlback, A., Andersson-Engels, S., Reichrath, J., Moan, K., … Moan, J. (2011). Solar radiation and human health. Reports on Progress in Physics, 74(6), 066701. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/74/6/066701Norval, M., Lucas, R. M., Cullen, A. P., de Gruijl, F. R., Longstreth, J., Takizawa, Y., & van der Leun, J. C. (2011). The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 10(2), 199. doi:10.1039/c0pp90044cSklar, L. R., Almutawa, F., Lim, H. W., & Hamzavi, I. (2013). Effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation on erythema and pigmentation: a review. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 12(1), 54-64. doi:10.1039/c2pp25152cGarbe, C., & Leiter, U. (2009). Melanoma epidemiology and trends. Clinics in Dermatology, 27(1), 3-9. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.09.001Madan, V., Lear, J. T., & Szeimies, R.-M. (2010). Non-melanoma skin cancer. The Lancet, 375(9715), 673-685. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61196-xLomas, A., Leonardi‐Bee, J., & Bath‐Hextall, F. (2012). A systematic review of worldwide incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer. British Journal of Dermatology, 166(5), 1069-1080. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10830.xArnold , M. C. Holterhues L. M. Hollestein J. W. W. Coebergh T. Nijsten E. Pukkala B. Holleczek L. Tryggvad_ottir H. Comber M. J. Bento C. H. S. Diba R. Micallef M. Primic_Zakelj M. I. Izarzugaza J. Perucha R. Marcos-Gragera J. Galceran E. Ardanaz R. Schaffar A. Pring E. de Vries 2013 Trends in incidence and predictions of cutaneous melanoma across Europe up to 2015 10.1111/jdv.12236Erdmann, F., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Schüz, J., Zeeb, H., Greinert, R., Breitbart, E. W., & Bray, F. (2012). International trends in the incidence of malignant melanoma 1953-2008-are recent generations at higher or lower risk? International Journal of Cancer, 132(2), 385-400. doi:10.1002/ijc.27616Ferlay , J. H. R. Shin F. Bray D. Forman C. Mathers D. M. Parkin 2010 GLOBOCAN 2008 v2.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10 [Internet] International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, France http://globocan.iarc.frHousman, T. S., Feldman, S. R., Williford, P. M., Fleischer, A. B., Goldman, N. D., Acostamadiedo, J. M., & Chen, G. J. (2003). Skin cancer is among the most costly of all cancers to treat for the Medicare population. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 48(3), 425-429. doi:10.1067/mjd.2003.186De Vries, E., van de Poll-Franse, L. V., Louwman, W. J., de Gruijl, F. R., & Coebergh, J. W. W. (2005). Predictions of skin cancer incidence in the Netherlands up to 2015. British Journal of Dermatology, 152(3), 481-488. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06386.xCáncer en cifras Centro Nacional de Epidemiología Instituto de Salud Carlos III http://193.146.50.130/morta/grafs.php#grafsDe Vries, E., Bray, F. I., Coebergh, J. W. W., & Parkin, D. M. (2003). Changing epidemiology of malignant cutaneous melanoma in Europe 1953-1997: Rising trends in incidence and mortality but recent stabilizations in Western Europe and decreases in Scandinavia. International Journal of Cancer, 107(1), 119-126. doi:10.1002/ijc.11360Ferlay, J., Steliarova-Foucher, E., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Rosso, S., Coebergh, J. W. W., Comber, H., … Bray, F. (2013). Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries in 2012. European Journal of Cancer, 49(6), 1374-1403. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.12.027European Detailed Mortality Database World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe http://data.euro.who.int/hfamdb/De Gruijl, F. R. (2011). Sufficient Vitamin D from Casual Sun Exposure? Photochemistry and Photobiology, 87(3), 598-601. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00918.xWebb, A. R., Kift, R., Berry, J. L., & Rhodes, L. E. (2011). The Vitamin D Debate: Translating Controlled Experiments into Reality for Human Sun Exposure Times. 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Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 101(2), 124-129. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.01.006EUROMELANOMA Campaign 2012 http://www.euromelanoma.org/spain/home-1Stratigos, A. J., Forsea, A. M., van der Leest, R. J. T., de Vries, E., Nagore, E., Bulliard, J.-L., … del Marmol, V. (2012). Euromelanoma: a dermatology-led European campaign against nonmelanoma skin cancer and cutaneous melanoma. Past, present and future. British Journal of Dermatology, 167, 99-104. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11092.xCAREX project http://www.esf.org/research-areas/space-sciences/activities/carex-project.htmlGies, P., & Wright, J. (2003). Measured Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposures of Outdoor Workers in Queensland in the Building and Construction Industry¶. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 78(4), 342. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0782.0.co;2Moehrle, M., Dennenmoser, B., & Garbe, C. (2003). 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Facial Solar UV Exposure of Austrian Farmers During Occupation. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 86(6), 1404-1413. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00812.xSiani, A. M., Casale, G. R., Sisto, R., Colosimo, A., Lang, C. A., & Kimlin, M. G. (2011). Occupational Exposures to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation of Vineyard Workers in Tuscany (Italy). Photochemistry and Photobiology, 87(4), 925-934. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00934.xHåkansson, N., Floderus, B., Gustavsson, P., Feychting, M., & Hallin, N. (2001). Occupational Sunlight Exposure and Cancer Incidence among Swedish Construction Workers. Epidemiology, 12(5), 552-557. doi:10.1097/00001648-200109000-00015Gandini, S., Sera, F., Cattaruzza, M. S., Pasquini, P., Picconi, O., Boyle, P., & Melchi, C. F. (2005). Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II. Sun exposure. European Journal of Cancer, 41(1), 45-60. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2004.10.016Radespiel-Tröger, M., Meyer, M., Pfahlberg, A., Lausen, B., Uter, W., & Gefeller, O. (2008). Outdoor work and skin cancer incidence: a registry-based study in Bavaria. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82(3), 357-363. doi:10.1007/s00420-008-0342-0Kenborg, L., Jørgensen, A. D., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., Knudsen, L. E., & Hansen, J. (2010). Occupational exposure to the sun and risk of skin and lip cancer among male wage earners in Denmark: a population-based case–control study. Cancer Causes & Control, 21(8), 1347-1355. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9562-1Lichte, V., Dennenmoser, B., Dietz, K., Häfner, H.-M., Schlagenhauff, B., Garbe, C., … Moehrle, M. (2009). Professional risk for skin cancer development in male mountain guides - a cross-sectional study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 24(7), 797-804. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03528.xDiepgen, T. L., Fartasch, M., Drexler, H., & Schmitt, J. (2012). Occupational skin cancer induced by ultraviolet radiation and its prevention. 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