O orçamento público como instrumento de planejamento

Orientador: Luiz Vamberto SantanaMonografia(Graduação) - Universidade Federal do Paraná,Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Curso de Ciências EconômicasResumo: Este trabalho tem como finalidade, através de uma revisão bibliográfica, evidenciar o papel do orçamento como instrumento de planejamento bem como a importância do planejamento para a administração pública. Para tanto, será apresentada a evolução histórica do orçamento, perante as constituições brasileiras, e sua evolução conceitual, a qual percorre do orçamento tradicional ao moderno, sendo a idealização deste representada no chamado Orçamento-programa. Um breve comparativo será traçado entre o orçamento tradicional, o qual enfatiza as coisas que governo compra, e orçamento programa, que dá ênfase às ações que o governo realiza. Será, também, dado destaque aos instrumentos de planejamento, introduzidos pela Constituição Federal de 1988, peças fundamentais para o bom andamento da gestão públic

Acute and chronic hypoxia differentially predispose lungs for metastases

Abstract: Oscillations in oxygen levels affect malignant cell growth, survival, and metastasis, but also somatic cell behaviour. In this work, we studied the effect of the differential expression of the two primary hypoxia inducible transcription factor isoforms, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, and pulmonary hypoxia to investigate how the hypoxia response of the vascular endothelium remodels the lung pre-metastatic niche. Molecular responses to acute versus chronic tissue hypoxia have been proposed to involve dynamic HIF stabilization, but the downstream consequences and the extent to which differential lengths of exposure to hypoxia can affect HIF-isoform activation and secondary organ pre-disposition for metastasis is unknown. We used primary pulmonary endothelial cells and mouse models with pulmonary endothelium-specific deletion of HIF-1α or HIF-2α, to characterise their roles in vascular integrity, inflammation and metastatic take after acute and chronic hypoxia. We found that acute hypoxic response results in increased lung metastatic tumours, caused by HIF-1α-dependent endothelial cell death and increased microvascular permeability, in turn facilitating extravasation. This is potentiated by the recruitment and retention of specific myeloid cells that further support a pro-metastatic environment. We also found that chronic hypoxia delays tumour growth to levels similar to those seen in normoxia, and in a HIF-2α-specific fashion, correlating with increased endothelial cell viability and vascular integrity. Deletion of endothelial HIF-2α rendered the lung environment more vulnerable to tumour cell seeding and growth. These results demonstrate that the nature of the hypoxic challenge strongly influences the nature of the endothelial cell response, and affects critical parameters of the pulmonary microenvironment, significantly impacting metastatic burden. Additionally, this work establishes endothelial cells as important players in lung remodelling and metastatic progression

Avaliação da função renal em ratos wistar com insuficiência renal

A incidência e a prevalência da doença renal crónica continuam a aumentar em todo o mundo. O modelo de redução de 5/6 de massa renal (5/6 RMR) é um dos procedimentos experimentais mais utilizados para a indução e o estudo das alterações associadas a uma insuficiência renal crónica. A resposta adaptativa do rim à redução cirúrgica do número de nefrónios parece ser suficientemente semelhante às características fisiopatológicas das nefropatias progressivas humanas. Neste estudo foram utilizados seis ratos machos da estirpe Wistar. Os animais foram anestesiados com xilazina (10 mg/kg) e ketamina (75 mg/kg). Em três animais foi realizada a redução de 5/6 de massa renal e nos restantes três a cirurgia foi simulada. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: grupo SO: animais em que a cirurgia foi simulada; e grupo RMR: animais submetidos à RMR. Foi realizada uma recolha de sangue e de urina no estado basal e depois mensalmente, durante 2 meses. Os animais submetidos à RMR apresentaram um aumento do fluxo urinário, um aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de ureia e de creatinina, uma diminuição da depuração de creatinina e um aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de potássio. Portanto, a redução cirúrgica de massa renal foi acompanhada por um declínio da função renal

Avaliação da função renal em ratos wistar com insuficiência renal

A incidência e a prevalência da doença renal crónica continuam a aumentar em todo o mundo. O modelo de redução de 5/6 de massa renal (5/6 RMR) é um dos procedimentos experimentais mais utilizados para a indução e o estudo das alterações associadas a uma insuficiência renal crónica. A resposta adaptativa do rim à redução cirúrgica do número de nefrónios parece ser suficientemente semelhante às características fisiopatológicas das nefropatias progressivas humanas. Neste estudo foram utilizados seis ratos machos da estirpe Wistar. Os animais foram anestesiados com xilazina (10 mg/kg) e ketamina (75 mg/kg). Em três animais foi realizada a redução de 5/6 de massa renal e nos restantes três a cirurgia foi simulada. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: grupo SO: animais em que a cirurgia foi simulada; e grupo RMR: animais submetidos à RMR. Foi realizada uma recolha de sangue e de urina no estado basal e depois mensalmente, durante 2 meses. Os animais submetidos à RMR apresentaram um aumento do fluxo urinário, um aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de ureia e de creatinina, uma diminuição da depuração de creatinina e um aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de potássio. Portanto, a redução cirúrgica de massa renal foi acompanhada por um declínio da função renal

Detection of contact failures with the Markov chain Monte Carlo method by using integral transformed measurements

This work deals with the solution of an inverse heat conduction problem aiming at the detection of contact failures in layered composites through the estimation of the contact conductance between the layers. The spatially varying contact conductance is estimated using a Bayesian formulation of the problem and a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, with infrared camera measurements of the transient temperature field on the surface of the body. The inverse analysis is formulated using a data compression scheme, where the temperature measurements are integral transformed with respect to the spatial variable. The present approach is evaluated using synthetic measurements and experimental data from controlled laboratory experiments. It is shown that only few transformed modes of the data are required for solving the inverse problem, thus providing substantial reduction of the computational time in the Markov chain Monte Carlo method, as well as regularization of the ill-posed problem.Indisponível

Modelo cirúrgico de hipertensão arterial secundária em ratos wistar

O modelo de redução de 5/6 de massa renal (5/6 RMR) é o mais frequentemente utilizado para se estudar a hipertensão arterial associada a uma lesão renal. Neste modelo, os animais desenvolvem com o tempo uma hipertensão arterial sistémica e uma insuficiência renal crónica. Neste trabalho foram utilizados seis ratos machos da estirpe Wistar que foram anestesiados com xilazina e ketamina. A cirurgia foi simulada em três animais e os outros três foram submetidos 5/6 RMR, tendo sido realizada simultaneamente a ressecção dos pólos renais e a nefrectomia. Três dias após a cirurgia, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: grupo controlo: animais em que a cirurgia foi simulada (n=3); e grupo RMR: animais submetidos a 5/6 RMR (n=3). O peso corporal, a frequência cardíaca (FC) e a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foram determinados no estado basal e mensalmente, durante dois meses. A FC e a PAS foram avaliadas através de um método indirecto de medida na artéria caudal. Os animais apresentaram como o tempo pêlo baço, dacriorreia e desidratação, no entanto, nenhum animal morreu durante o período experimental. Os valores da PAS aumentaram nos animais submetido a 5/6 RMR. Estes resultados sugerem que a redução de 5/6 de massa renal foi acompanhada pelo desenvolvimento de uma de hipertensão arterial

Author Correction: Acute and chronic hypoxia differentially predispose lungs for metastases.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper

Pulmonary endothelial HIF2α\alpha-arginase axis plays an essential role in the development of hypoxia pulmonary hypertension

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) via https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602978113Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is correlated with pulmonary vascular remodelling. The hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs), HIF-1$\alpha$ and HIF-2$\alpha$ are known to contribute to the process of hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodelling; however, the specific role of pulmonary endothelial HIF expression in this process, and in the physiological process of vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia, remains unclear. Here we show that pulmonary endothelial HIF-2$\alpha$ is a critical regulator of hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The rise in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) normally observed following chronic hypoxic exposure was absent in mice with pulmonary endothelial HIF-2$\alpha$ deletion. The RVSP of mice lacking HIF-2$\alpha$ in pulmonary endothelium after exposure to hypoxia was not significantly different from normoxic wild type (WT) mice and much lower than the RVSP values seen in WT littermate controls and mice with pulmonary endothelial deletion of HIF-1$\alpha$ exposed to hypoxia. Endothelial HIF-2$\alpha$ deletion also protected mice from hypoxia remodelling. Pulmonary endothelial deletion of arginase-1, a downstream target of HIF-2$\alpha$, likewise attenuated many of the pathophysiological symptoms associated with HPH. We propose a mechanism whereby chronic hypoxia enhances HIF-2$\alpha$ stability, which causes increased arginase expression and dysregulates normal vascular NO homeostasis. These data offer new insight into the role of pulmonary endothelial HIF-2$\alpha$ in regulating the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia.This study was funded by The Wellcome Trust, Papworth Hospital NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre

Wheat root length and not branching is altered in the presence of neighbours, including blackgrass.

The effect of neighbouring plants on crop root system architecture may directly interfere with water and nutrient acquisition, yet this important and interesting aspect of competition remains poorly understood. Here, the effect of the weed blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots was tested, since a low density of this species (25 plants m-2) can lead to a 10% decrease in wheat yield and herbicide resistance is problematic. We used a simplified growth system based on gelled medium, to grow wheat alongside a neighbour, either another wheat plant, a blackgrass or Brachypodium dystachion individual (a model grass). A detailed analysis of wheat seminal root system architecture showed that the presence of a neighbour principally affected the root length, rather than number or diameter under a high nutrient regime. In particular, the length of first order lateral roots decreased significantly in the presence of blackgrass and Brachypodium. However, this effect was not noted when wheat plants were grown in low nutrient conditions. This suggests that wheat may be less sensitive to the presence of blackgrass when grown in low nutrient conditions. In addition, nutrient availability to the neighbour did not modulate the neighbour effect on wheat root architecture.This work was supported by European Union FP7 Marie Curie International Reintegration Grant, the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, the Broodbank Trust and the Newton Trust University of Cambridge

Characterization of kinesiological patterns of the frontal kick, mae-geri, in karate experts and non-karate practitioners

Presently, coaches and researchers need to have a better comprehension of the kinesiological parameters that should be an important tool to support teaching methodologies and to improve skills performance in sports. The aim of this study was to (i) identify the kinematic and neuromuscular control patterns of the front kick (mae-geri) to a fixed target performed by 14 experienced karate practitioners, and (ii) compare it with the execution of 16 participants without any karate experience, allowing the use of those references in the analysis of the training and learning process. Results showed that the kinematic and neuromuscular activity during the kick performance occurs within 600 ms. Muscle activity and kinematic analysis demonstrated a sequence of activation bracing a proximal-to-distal direction, with the muscles presenting two distinct periods of activity (1, 2), where the karateka group has a greater intensity of activation – root mean square (RMS) and electromyography (EMG) peak – in the first period on Rectus Femoris (RF1) and  Vastus Lateralis (VL1) and a lower duration of co-contraction in both periods on Rectus Femoris-Biceps Femoris and Vastus Lateralis-Biceps Femoris (RF-BF; VL-BF). In the skill performance, the hip flexion, the knee extension and the ankle plantar flexion movements were executed with smaller difference in the range of action (ROA) in the karateka group, reflecting different positions of the segments. In conclusion, it was observed a general kinesiological pattern, which was similar in karateka and non-karateka practitioners. However, in the karateka group, the training induces a specialization in the muscle activity reflected in EMG and kinematic data, which leads to a better ballistic performance in the execution of the mae-geri kick, associated with a maximum speed of the distal segments, reached closer to the impact moment, possibly representing more power in the contact