61,574 research outputs found
A quantum evaporation effect
A small momentum transfer to a particle interacting with a steep potential
barrier gives rise to a quantum evaporation effect which increases the
transmission appreciably. This effect results from the unexpectedly large
population of quantum states with energies above the height of the barrier. Its
characteristic properties are studied and an example of physical system in
which it may be observed is given.Comment: 7 pages + 3 figure
Charge Transfer in Partition Theory
The recently proposed Partition Theory (PT) [J.Phys.Chem.A 111, 2229 (2007)]
is illustrated on a simple one-dimensional model of a heteronuclear diatomic
molecule. It is shown that a sharp definition for the charge of molecular
fragments emerges from PT, and that the ensuing population analysis can be used
to study how charge redistributes during dissociation and the implications of
that redistribution for the dipole moment. Interpreting small differences
between the isolated parts' ionization potentials as due to environmental
inhomogeneities, we gain insight into how electron localization takes place in
H2+ as the molecule dissociates. Furthermore, by studying the preservation of
the shapes of the parts as different parameters of the model are varied, we
address the issue of transferability of the parts. We find good transferability
within the chemically meaningful parameter regime, raising hopes that PT will
prove useful in chemical applications.Comment: 12 pages, 16 figure
Effects of noise upon human information processing
Studies of noise effects upon human information processing are described which investigated whether or not effects of noise upon performance are dependent upon specific characteristics of noise stimulation and their interaction with task conditions. The difficulty of predicting noise effects was emphasized. Arousal theory was considered to have explanatory value in interpreting the findings of all the studies. Performance under noise was found to involve a psychophysiological cost, measured by vasoconstriction response, with the degree of response cost being related to scores on a noise annoyance sensitivity scale. Noise sensitive subjects showed a greater autonomic response under noise stimulation
Vortices Clustering: The Origin of the Second Peak in the Magnetisation Loops of High Temperature Superconductors
We study vortex clustering in type II Superconductors. We demonstrate that
the ``second peak'' observed in magnetisation loops may be a dynamical effect
associated with a density driven instability of the vortex system. At the
microscopic level the instability shows up as the clustering of individual
vortices at (rare) preferential regions of the pinning potential. In the limit
of quasi-static ramping the instability is related to a phase transition in the
equilibrium vortex system.Comment: 11 pages + 3 figure
Evolutionary game dynamics of controlled and automatic decision-making
We integrate dual-process theories of human cognition with evolutionary game
theory to study the evolution of automatic and controlled decision-making
processes. We introduce a model where agents who make decisions using either
automatic or controlled processing compete with each other for survival. Agents
using automatic processing act quickly and so are more likely to acquire
resources, but agents using controlled processing are better planners and so
make more effective use of the resources they have. Using the replicator
equation, we characterize the conditions under which automatic or controlled
agents dominate, when coexistence is possible, and when bistability occurs. We
then extend the replicator equation to consider feedback between the state of
the population and the environment. Under conditions where having a greater
proportion of controlled agents either enriches the environment or enhances the
competitive advantage of automatic agents, we find that limit cycles can occur,
leading to persistent oscillations in the population dynamics. Critically,
however, these limit cycles only emerge when feedback occurs on a sufficiently
long time scale. Our results shed light on the connection between evolution and
human cognition, and demonstrate necessary conditions for the rise and fall of
rationality.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure
Lattice formulation of super Yang-Mills theory
We construct a lattice action for super Yang-Mills theory in
four dimensions which is local, gauge invariant, free of spectrum doubling and
possesses a single exact supersymmetry. Our construction starts from the
observation that the fermions of the continuum theory can be mapped into the
component fields of a single real anticommuting Kahler-Dirac field. The
original supersymmetry algebra then implies the existence of a nilpotent scalar
supercharge and a corresponding set of bosonic superpartners. Using this
field content we write down a -exact action and show that, with an
appropriate change of variables, it reduces to a well-known twist of super Yang-Mills theory due to Marcus. Using the discretization
prescription developed in an earlier paper on the theory in two
dimensions we are able to translate this geometrical action to the lattice.Comment: 15 pages. 1 reference correcte
Storage of classical information in quantum spins
Digital magnetic recording is based on the storage of a bit of information in
the orientation of a magnetic system with two stable ground states. Here we
address two fundamental problems that arise when this is done on a quantized
spin: quantum spin tunneling and back-action of the readout process. We show
that fundamental differences exist between integer and semi-integer spins when
it comes to both, read and record classical information in a quantized spin.
Our findings imply fundamental limits to the miniaturization of magnetic bits
and are relevant to recent experiments where spin polarized scanning tunneling
microscope reads and records a classical bit in the spin orientation of a
single magnetic atom
Categorification of persistent homology
We redevelop persistent homology (topological persistence) from a categorical
point of view. The main objects of study are diagrams, indexed by the poset of
real numbers, in some target category. The set of such diagrams has an
interleaving distance, which we show generalizes the previously-studied
bottleneck distance. To illustrate the utility of this approach, we greatly
generalize previous stability results for persistence, extended persistence,
and kernel, image and cokernel persistence. We give a natural construction of a
category of interleavings of these diagrams, and show that if the target
category is abelian, so is this category of interleavings.Comment: 27 pages, v3: minor changes, to appear in Discrete & Computational
Geometr
Relations among Supersymmetric Lattice Gauge Theories via Orbifolding
We show how to derive Catterall's supersymmetric lattice gauge theories
directly from the general principle of orbifolding followed by a variant of the
usual deconstruction. These theories are forced to be complexified due to a
clash between charge assignments under U(1)-symmetries and lattice assignments
in terms of scalar, vector and tensor components for the fermions. Other
prescriptions for how to discretize the theory follow automatically by
orbifolding and deconstruction. We find that Catterall's complexified model for
the two-dimensional N=(2,2) theory has two independent preserved
supersymmetries. We comment on consistent truncations to lattice theories
without this complexification and with the correct continuum limit. The
construction of lattice theories this way is general, and can be used to derive
new supersymmetric lattice theories through the orbifolding procedure. As an
example, we apply the prescription to topologically twisted four-dimensional
N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We show that a consistent truncation is
closely related to the lattice formulation previously given by Sugino.Comment: 20 pages, LaTeX2e, no figur
Twisted-light-induced optical transitions in semiconductors: Free-carrier quantum kinetics
We theoretically investigate the interband transitions and quantum kinetics
induced by light carrying orbital angular momentum, or twisted light, in bulk
semiconductors. We pose the problem in terms of the Heisenberg equations of
motion of the electron populations, and inter- and intra-band coherences. Our
theory extends the free-carrier Semiconductor Bloch Equations to the case of
photo-excitation by twisted light. The theory is formulated using cylindrical
coordinates, which are better suited to describe the interaction with twisted
light than the usual cartesian coordinates used to study regular optical
excitation. We solve the equations of motion in the low excitation regime, and
obtain analytical expressions for the coherences and populations; with these,
we calculate the orbital angular momentum transferred from the light to the
electrons and the paramagnetic and diamagnetic electric current densities.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure
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