"Relaxar é aprender sobre nós próprios": relaxamento e ioga para crianças na educação pré-escolar

O bem-estar emocional na educação pré-escolar é um processo central, mas também uma componente de qualidade e um propósito educativo (Bertram & Pascal, 2009; Laevers, 2005; Mashford-Scott, Church, & Tayler, 2012). Reconhece-se que um forte sentimento de bem-estar permite que as crianças interajam com confiança no ambiente e aproveitem as oportunidades educativas - aspeto encapsulado no conceito de implicação (Laevers, 1997, 2000, 2005). Os conceitos de bem-estar e implicação são relevantes para a investigação, mas também para uma prática preocupada com a perspetiva da criança, expressa de diferentes formas e através de diferentes linguagens. O relaxamento para crianças é perspetivado como promovendo bem-estar, diminuindo ansiedade e stress (Guillaud, 2004; Silva, 1998) e criando atividades indutoras de sensibilidade e interação (Humblet & Guzman, 2013). A promoção de auto-conhecimento e de cognição social são pontos de contacto entre as sessões de relaxamento e a Educação Experiencial. A comunicação pretende apresentar dados de um estudo realizado no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1.º CEB, em contexto de Prática de Ensino Supervisionada. A rotina do contexto de estágio incluía um momento de relaxamento, de 20 minutos após o almoço, organizado pela orientadora cooperante há vários anos. As 20 crianças do grupo participaram em diferentes tipos de sessões de relaxamento, tendo sido registados níveis de implicação e de bem-estar usando as escalas de observação desenvolvidas para o contexto português por Portugal e Laevers (2010). As diferentes sessões de relaxamento foram: ioga, meditação guiada com música e massagens. A comparação entre sessões baseou-se nas médias de implicação e bem-estar por sessão e nos indicadores mais referidos pelos observadores. Foram, ainda, realizadas entrevistas individuais às crianças e à cooperante sobre as sessões, analisadas através de uma análise de conteúdo temática. Procurou-se, assim, responder à necessidade de conhecer a forma como as crianças experienciam o bem-estar emocional (Mashford-Scott et al., 2012). Todas as sessões revelaram qualidade nos resultados das duas escalas embora os diferentes formatos tenham resultado em ênfases distintas nos indicadores (persistência e precisão no ioga, vitalidade e relaxamento nas massagens, alegria e ligação com o próprio na música). As crianças identificam o relaxamento como parte do seu dia, revelam preferências específicas e individuais por partes das sessões, embora descrevam mais o que fazem do que o sentem

Local and regional features of surface radiation fluxes over the tropical Atlantic ocean near Sao Pedro and Sao Paulo archipelago: Evidence of small scale upwelling

To properly describe the interactions between the ocean and atmosphere, it is necessary to assess a variety of time and spatial scales phenomena. Here, high resolution oceanographic and meteorological data collected during an observational campaign carried out aboard a ship in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, on May 15-24, 2002, is used to describe the radiation balance at the ocean interface. Data collected by two PIRATA buoys, along the equator at 23°W and 35°W and satellite and climate data are compared with the data obtained during the observational campaign. Comparison indicates remarkable similarity for daily and hourly values of radiation fluxes components as consequence of the temporal and spatial consistence presented by the air and water temperatures measured in situ and estimated from large scale information. The discrepancy, mainly in the Sao Pedro and Sao Paulo Archipelago area, seems to be associated to the local upwelling of cold water, which is not detected in all other estimates investigated here. More in situ data are necessary to clarify whether this upwelling flow has a larger scale effect and what are the meteorological and oceanographic implications of the local upwelling area on the tropical waters at the Brazilian coast

Observational Characterization of the Downward Atmospheric Longwave Radiation at the Surface in the City of Sao Paulo

This work describes the seasonal and diurnal variations of downward longwave atmospheric irradiance (LW) at the surface in Sao Paulo, Brazil, using 5-min-averaged values of LW, air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation observed continuously and simultaneously from 1997 to 2006 on a micrometeorological platform, located at the top of a 4-story building. An objective procedure, including 2-step filtering and dome emission effect correction, was used to evaluate the quality of the 9-yr-long LW dataset. The comparison between LW values observed and yielded by the Surface Radiation Budget project shows spatial and temporal agreement, indicating that monthly and annual average values of LW observed in one point of Sao Paulo can be used as representative of the entire metropolitan region of Sao Paulo. The maximum monthly averaged value of the LW is observed during summer (389 +/- 14 W m(-2): January), and the minimum is observed during winter (332 +/- 12 W m(-2); July). The effective emissivity follows the LW and shows a maximum in summer (0.907 +/- 0.032; January) and a minimum in winter (0.818 +/- 0.029; June). The mean cloud effect, identified objectively by comparing the monthly averaged values of the LW during clear-sky days and all-sky conditions, intensified the monthly average LW by about 32.0 +/- 3.5 W m(-2) and the atmospheric effective emissivity by about 0.088 +/- 0.024. In August, the driest month of the year in Sao Paulo, the diurnal evolution of the LW shows a minimum (325 +/- 11 W m(-2)) at 0900 LT and a maximum (345 12 W m-2) at 1800 LT, which lags behind (by 4 h) the maximum diurnal variation of the screen temperature. The diurnal evolution of effective emissivity shows a minimum (0.781 +/- 0.027) during daytime and a maximum (0.842 +/- 0.030) during nighttime. The diurnal evolution of all-sky condition and clear-sky day differences in the effective emissivity remain relatively constant (7% +/- 1%), indicating that clouds do not change the emissivity diurnal pattern. The relationship between effective emissivity and screen air temperature and between effective emissivity and water vapor is complex. During the night, when the planetary boundary layer is shallower, the effective emissivity can be estimated by screen parameters. During the day, the relationship between effective emissivity and screen parameters varies from place to place and depends on the planetary boundary layer process. Because the empirical expressions do not contain enough information about the diurnal variation of the vertical stratification of air temperature and moisture in Sao Paulo, they are likely to fail in reproducing the diurnal variation of the surface emissivity. The most accurate way to estimate the LW for clear-sky conditions in Sao Paulo is to use an expression derived from a purely empirical approach.CNPq[476807/2007-7]FAPESPCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES

Assessing Spatial Variation of PBL Height and Aerosol Layer Aloft in São Paulo Megacity Using Simultaneously Two Lidar during Winter 2019

This work presents the use of two elastic lidar systems to assess the horizontal variation of the PBL height (PBLH) and aerosol layer aloft in the São Paulo Megacity. These two lidars performed simultaneous measurements 10.7 km apart in a highly urbanized and relatively flat area of São Paulo for two winter months of 2019. The results showed that the PBLH differences display diurnal variation that depends on the PBL during daytime growth phases. Cloud and sea breeze effects control most of PBLH variation. In the absence of cloud and sea breeze, the maximum difference (~300 m) occurs in the rapid development stage and is due to topographic effects. When the PBL approaches its maximum daily value, it tends to level off with respect to the topography. In addition, it was presented a method that combines elastic lidar (to detect an aerosol layer) and satellite data (to classify such a layer from Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Aerosol Index (AI) information) for the detection of biomass burning events. This methodology demonstrated that the variations caused by Biomass Burning in AOD and AI enable both the detection of aerosol plumes originating from biomass burning and the identification of their origin

Micrometeorological conditions observed during the experimental campaigns of the MCity Project

The rapid growth of urban areas in tropical and subtropical regions has imposed new challenges to local governments of countries located at theses latitudes. Among all changes, the substitution of natural land use by built ones and the anthropogenic gas emissions in urban areas have modified the physical processes in the surface-atmosphere interface and the energy balance components, altering the local climate and contributing to the green gas emssions significantly. The MCity Brazil project is a recent scientific iniciative from Micrometeorology Groups of University of São Paulo (LabMICRO) and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (LabMIM) to obtain a full picture of the Urban Boundary Layer. This project combines the monitoring of the budget energy components at the surface, radiosonde and remote sensing measurements in the two major urban areas of Brazil, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.\ud This work describes observational activiies of MCity Brazil project carried out In the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro in 2013. There a Micrometeorological Platform (PM IGEO) was set up at the top of Geosciences Institute 3-store building, located in the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro campus at the Fundão Island in February 2013. In this plataform hourly values of energy balance components (Sensible and latent energy fluxes, net radiation and soil heat flux) and carbon dioxide turbulent flux were estimated at 22 m above using a sonic anomemeter and gas analyser in a 10m micrometeorological tower. During 10 days in March (summer) and 10 days in July (winter) of 2013 two intensive field campaigns were carried out where surface measurements were complemented with thermodynamic and dynamic profiels vertical profiles obtained by the realease of 160 radiosondes (every each 3 hours) at the Galeão Airport. During these two field campaings UBL height was simultaneous ly monitored with a LIDAR.\ud The landuse within circle of 1 km radius in the experimental site area show a suburban pattern, with 50 % of bulit area (University, residential and comercial buildings, 35 % vegetation and 15 % of water. in the neighborhood of the Baia de Guanabara.\ud In the Summer campaing, the maximum amplitude of the mean diurnal evolution for net radiation was 600 Wm-2 (March), about 200 Wm-2 higher than the observed during the Winter. The sensible and latent heat fluxes are equivalent in both periods. The Bowen ratio is approximately equal to 1 under diurnal conditions. During the night, the latent heat flux is small and positive, probably because of the high water vapor concentration in the experimental site. The behavior of the carbon dioxide turbulent flux presents a similar pattern to the observed in suburban areas, with negative values between 9 and 15 local time. In the rush hour traffic (early morning and later afternoon), the carbon dioxide turbulent flux shows a slight increase and becomes positive. The UBL height reached 1500 m in the Summer and about 1200 m in the Winter. During the nigthtime the surface inverstion layer reached as much as 300 m. The low level jet of 10 m/s and from NE direction was systematicaly observed during the nighttime.FAPESPFAPERJCNP

Project MCITY Brazil: assessing urban climate features of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro

The project MCITY Brazil aims to characterize the micrometeorological features of urban climate of two major urban areas of Brazil: The metropolitan regions of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Cities. They were chosen as the starting point in this project because they are the largest conurbations of Brazil. Altogether, they occupy approximately 13,733 km2 with a population of 31.6 million inhabitants and a fleet of 10.6 million vehicles. These two metropolitan areas contribute to almost 45% of the Brazilian gross domestic product. Three micrometeorological platforms were set up in São Paulo (rural, suburban and urban) and one in Rio de Janeiro (suburban) measuring major components of surface energy balance (net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible and latent heats). Four field campaigns were carried during 2013 where radiosondes were released every 3 hours during 10 days in Summer (February 9-28 in São Paulo, 12-21 March in Rio de Janeiro) and Winter (July 9-18 in Rio de Janeiro and August 6-15 in São Paulo). During these field campaigns a LIDAR was used to obtain the PBL temporal evolution in both Cities. This work describes the major features of energy balance at the surface in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Special attention will be given to the methodology used to estimate the turbulent fluxes and the vertical extent of the PBL. The mean thermodynamic and moisture structures of the PBL are presented and their relation with the observed turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat is explored. The mean dynamic structure of the PBL is analysed including the presence of low level jet and the sea breeze. The time evolution of the São Paulo UHI mean intensity is described and its nature is reviewed considering as reference the available literature