The industry of microbreweries in the canton of Geneva: what are the current challenges faced by microbreweries in the market of Geneva and who are their customers ?

Switzerland is the country with the highest number of breweries per capita in the world (Genillard, 2018). In 2019, the number of microbreweries is around 1000. However, it has not always been the case that Switzerland was the leading country in terms of number of microbreweries. Indeed, in 1990, there were only 32 microbreweries in Switzerland. This phenomenon is something recent and even if the number has not stopped rising since 1990, there are many microbreweries that have failed to launch their enterprise which disappeared or went bankrupt. This bachelor project aims at identifying the diverse challenges faced by the microbrewers in the canton of Geneva. Moreover, the project also tries to build a consumer profile as well as identifying the important features of craft beers for the consumers. There are three different challenges identified that microbrewers in the canton of Geneva encounter. The first one being the difficulty to find a production warehouse and/or selling point. Indeed, it is quite expensive and constraining for diverse reasons. The second challenge identified is the initial investment and the machinery to be able to brew. The third challenge is the access to financing. Daily management and other important matters to think about are also addressed by this report. This report also addresses the future of the industry of microbrewery as well as the existing consortium. The future of the industry is currently difficult to forecast. Regarding the consumer profile, the key finding was that a typical consumer profile can be drawn. There are some factors that are relevant such as gender, income, occupation and education and some other that are inconclusive such as age. Plus, many different reasons where found to understand why a person do not drink a craft beer. The percentage of people that drinks craft beer was also identified. The findings show that consumers drink either often craft beers or drink it on a casual basis. The typical place where consumers drink craft beer was examined. The easiness of finding craft beer was analysed on the consumer point of view. Then, an investigation of the average amount spend by consumer was done and it seems that in average people spend up to 50 CHF per month. The features of craft beers that are important for consumers were also looked at. Plus, this report analyses if consumers living in Geneva consume mostly craft beers from Geneva or other places. Furthermore, craft beer was studied to see if this is something recently consumed in Geneva. Lastly, the favourite beers/microbreweries were identified for consumers in the market of Geneva

Exploitation du monde animal sur le versant nord des Pyrénées au Tardiglaciaire

International audienceLes changements climatiques survenus entre la fin du Tardiglaciaire et le début du Postglaciaire ont modifié de manière considérable l'environnement dans lequel vivaient les populations préhistoriques. Dans le Sud de la France, les grandes étendues steppiques dans lesquelles évoluaient de larges troupeaux d'Ongulés sont peu à peu remplacées par des forêts. Ces écosystèmes cloisonnés abritent une biomasse de grands Herbivores plus faible que les grandes plaines. Par ailleurs, l'augmentation des températures s'accompagne d'un accroissement de la saison végétative des plantes qui, dès lors, sont susceptibles d'être plus intensément exploitées par les groupes humains. Ainsi, du point de vue des ressources alimentaires, le réchauffement postglaciaire aurait eu pour conséquence un élargissement de la diète au profit des petites espèces animales et des végétaux. Pourtant, dans le Nord et l'Est de la France, les travaux de A. Bridault (1993; 1997) ont montré que, pour les grands mammifères, les spectres fauniques n'étaient pas plus diversifiés au Mésolithique qu'au Magdalénien. Ses résultats sur la petite faune réfutent également l'hypothèse d'un élargissement systématique de la diète au profit des petites espèces animales à partir du Mésolithique. De telles études montrent la nécessité de tester, dans le sud de la France, la validité de cette hypothèse. Par une analyse critique des données taphonomiques et archéozoologiques disponibles, nous essaierons de voir si, sur le versant nord des Pyrénées, le réchauffement est, effectivement, à l'origine de l'apparition de nouvelles stratégies alimentaires fondées sur une diversification des ressources, stratégies nouvelles en rupture avec les économies de chasse paléolithiques dépendantes du grand gibier )Les changements climatiques survenus entre la fin du Tardiglaciaire et le début du Postglaciaire ont modifié de manière considérable l'environnement dans lequel vivaient les populations préhistoriques. Dans le Sud de la France, les grandes étendues steppiques dans lesquelles évoluaient de larges troupeaux d'Ongulés sont peu à peu remplacées par des forêts. Ces écosystèmes cloisonnés abritent une biomasse de grands Herbivores plus faible que les grandes plaines. Par ailleurs, l'augmentation des températures s'accompagne d'un accroissement de la saison végétative des plantes qui, dès lors, sont susceptibles d'être plus intensément exploitées par les groupes humains. Ainsi, du point de vue des ressources alimentaires, le réchauffement postglaciaire aurait eu pour conséquence un élargissement de la diète au profit des petites espèces animales et des végétaux. Pourtant, dans le Nord et l'Est de la France, les travaux de A. Bridault (1993; 1997) ont montré que, pour les grands mammifères, les spectres fauniques n'étaient pas plus diversifiés au Mésolithique qu'au Magdalénien. Ses résultats sur la petite faune réfutent également l'hypothèse d'un élargissement systématique de la diète au profit des petites espèces animales à partir du Mésolithique. De telles études montrent la nécessité de tester, dans le sud de la France, la validité de cette hypothèse. Par une analyse critique des données taphonomiques et archéozoologiques disponibles, nous essaierons de voir si, sur le versant nord des Pyrénées, le réchauffement est, effectivement, à l'origine de l'apparition de nouvelles stratégies alimentaires fondées sur une diversification des ressources, stratégies nouvelles en rupture avec les économies de chasse paléolithiques dépendantes du grand gibier (Barbaza, 1999). Bibliographie Barbaza M. (1999) Les civilisations postglaciaires - La vie dans la grande forêt tempérée. Histoire de la France préhistorique. Maison des Roches, Paris, 126 p. Bridault A. (1993) Les économies de chasse épipaléolithiques et mésolithiques dans le nord de la France, Thèse de doctorat, Université Paris X, 552. Bridault A. (1997) Chasseurs, ressources animales et milieux dans le nord de la France de la fin du Paléolithique à la fin du Mésolithique : problématique et état de la recherche. In Le Tardiglaciaire en Europe du Nord-Ouest, J.-P. Fagnart et A. Thévenin (ed.), pp. 165-176. Paris : CTHS

A transgenic Camelina sativa seed oil effectively replaces fish oil as a dietary source of eicosapentaenoic acid in mice

Background: Fish currently supplies only 40% of the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) required to allow all individuals globally to meet the minimum intake recommendation of 500 mg/d. Therefore, alternative sustainable sources are needed. Objective: The main objective was to investigate the ability of genetically engineered Camelina sativa (20% EPA) oil (CO) to enrich tissue EPA and DHA relative to an EPA-rich fish oil (FO) in mammals. Methods: Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed for 10 wk either a palm oil–containing control (C) diet or diets supplemented with EPA-CO or FO, with the C, low-EPA CO (COL), high-EPA CO (COH), low-EPA FO (FOL), and high-EPA FO (FOH) diets providing 0, 0.4, 3.4, 0.3, and 2.9 g EPA/kg diet, respectively. Liver, muscle, and brain were collected for fatty acid analysis, and blood glucose and serum lipids were quantified. The expression of selected hepatic genes involved in EPA and DHA biosynthesis and in modulating their cellular impact was determined. Results: The oils were well tolerated, with significantly greater weight gain in the COH and FOH groups relative to the C group (P < 0.001). Significantly lower (36–38%) blood glucose concentrations were evident in the FOH and COH mice relative to C mice (P < 0.01). Hepatic EPA concentrations were higher in all EPA groups relative to the C group (P < 0.001), with concentrations of 0.0, 0.4, 2.9, 0.2, and 3.6 g/100 g liver total lipids in the C, COL, COH, FOL, and FOH groups, respectively. Comparable dose-independent enrichments of liver DHA were observed in mice fed CO and FO diets (P < 0.001). Relative to the C group, lower fatty acid desaturase 1 (Fads1) expression (P < 0.005) was observed in the COH and FOH groups. Higher fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2), peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (Ppara), and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (Pparg) (P < 0.005) expressions were induced by CO. No impact of treatment on liver X receptor α (Lxra) or sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (Srebp1c) was evident. Conclusions: Oil from transgenic Camelina is a bioavailable source of EPA in mice. These data provide support for the future assessment of this oil in a human feeding trial

Volumetric measurements by tomographic PIV of grid generated turbulence in an open channel flow

International audienceThis paper investigates the energy dissipation rate behind two combinations of trash racks (or meshes) in an open channel flow. Five trash rack assemblies divided the flume into four identical pools in the downstream direction. The global characteristics of the flow were compared with Tomo-PIV measurements that were taken in the water column of the flow. From the Tomo-PIV measurements, the instantaneous structures in the flow were visualised and the decay of turbulent kinetic energy and energy dissipation analysed

Volumetric Measurements by Tomographic PIV of an Open Channel Flow Behind a Turbulent Grid

National audienceThis paper investigates the energy dissipation rate behind two combinations of trash racks (or meshes) in an open channel flow from tomo-PIV measurements. Five trash rack assemblies divided the flume into four identical pools. Each trash rack assembly is composed of a fine wire mesh and two regular square grids, characterised by their mesh size M. The Reynolds numbers with respect to M were 4300 and 9600 corresponding to a mean velocity ¯U through each pool between 0.35 and 0.315 m/s. This aim of this paper is to investigate the turbulent energy dissipation behind two configurations of regular grids in an open channel