I quaestores classici e la battaglia delle Egadi

La recente scoperta di alcuni rostri con iscrizioni latine, appartenenti a navi affondate nel corso della battaglia delle Egadi (241 a.C.) conferma la notizia di Livio, che colloca intorno al 267 a.C. l’incremento del numero dei questori. Conferma inoltre il testo di Giovanni Lido (Mag. I 27), secondo il quale ai nuovi magistrati fu conferita una specifica competenza ‘navale’, da intendere naturalmente nel senso della gestione finanziaria della flotta.The recent discovery of some rostra with Latin inscriptions, from ships which sunk during the battle of the Aegades (241 BC), confirms Livy’s account which dates the increase in the number of quaestors to around 267 BC. It also confirms the text of Iohannes Lidus (Mag. I 27) according to which the new magistrates were assigned a specific ‘naval’ function, in other words the financial management of the fleet

Methylation-dependent PAD2 upregulation in multiple sclerosis peripheral blood

Background: Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) and peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) are two members of PAD family which are over-expressed in the multiple sclerosis (MS) brain. Through its enzymatic activity PAD2 converts myelin basic protein (MBP) arginines into citrullines - an event that may favour autoimmunity - while peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is involved in chromatin remodelling. Objectives: Our aim was to verify whether an altered epigenetic control of PAD2, as already shown in the MS brain, can be observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with MS since some of these cells also synthesize MBP. Methods: The expression of most suitable reference genes and of PAD2 and PAD4 was assessed by qPCR. Analysis of DNA methylation was performed by bisulfite method. Results: The comparison of PAD2 expression level in PBMCs from patients with MS vs. healthy donors showed that, as well as in the white matter of MS patients, the enzyme is significantly upregulated in affected subjects. Methylation pattern analysis of a CpG island located in the PAD2 promoter showed that over-expression is associated with promoter demethylation. Conclusion: Defective regulation of PAD2 in the periphery, without the immunological shelter of the blood-brain barrier, may contribute to the development of the autoimmune responses in MS

Novel homozygous GBA2 mutation in a patient with complicated spastic paraplegia

Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders characterized primarily by a pyramidal syndrome with lower limb spasticity, which can manifest as pure HSP or associated with a number of neurological or non-neurological signs (i.e., complicated HSPs). The clinical variability of HSPs is associated with a wide genetic heterogeneity, with more than eighty causative genes known. Recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) has allowed increasing genetic definition in such a heterogeneous group of disorders. We report on a 56- year-old man affected by sporadic complicated HSP consisting of a pyramidal syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, congenital cataract, pes cavus, axonal sensory-motor peripheral neuropathy and cognitive decline. Brain MRI showed cerebellar atrophy and thin corpus callosum. By NGS we found a novel homozygous biallelic c.452-1G > C mutation in the b-glucosidase 2 gene (GBA2), known to be causative for autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia type 46 (SPG46). The rarity of this inherited form besides reporting on a novel mutation, expands the genetic and clinical spectrum of SPG46 related HSP

Filippo Coarelli, archéologie, histoire de l’art et société

Filippo Coarelli, fait partie, avec Mario Torelli et Andrea Carandini, des plus célèbres élèves du grand historien d’art italien Ranuccio Bianchi-Bandinelli, qui ne séparait pas son enseignement d’un engagement civique fort. Par ses travaux novateurs en matière de topographie romaine, Filippo Coarelli, Professeur d’« Antichità Romane » à l’Université de Pérouse, a contribué à transformer la vision traditionnelle de l’organisation urbaine de Rome. Les débats qu’ont suscités ses travaux ont lar..

Evidence for detrimental cross interactions between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy cells

Here we have collected evidence suggesting that chronic changes in the NO homeostasis and the rise of reactive oxygen species bioavailability can contribute to cell dysfunction in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients.We report that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), derived froma female LHON patient with bilateral reduced vision and carrying the pathogenic mutation 11778/ND4, display increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), as revealed by flow cytometry, fluorometric measurements of nitrite/nitrate, and 3-nitrotyrosine immunodetection. Moreover, viability assays with the tetrazolium dye MTT showed that lymphoblasts from the same patient are more sensitive to prolonged NO exposure, leading to cell death. Taken together these findings suggest that oxidative and nitrosative stress cooperatively play an important role in driving LHON pathology when excess NO remains available over time in the cell environment

Recent advances in understanding dominant spinocerebellar ataxias from clinical and genetic points of view [version 1; referees: 3 approved]

Abstract Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are rare types of cerebellar ataxia with a dominant mode of inheritance. To date, 47 SCA subtypes have been identified, and the number of genes implicated in SCAs is continually increasing. Polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion diseases (ATXN1/SCA1, ATXN2/SCA2, ATXN3/SCA3, CACNA1A/SCA6, ATXN7/SCA7, TBP/SCA17, and ATN1/DRPLA) are the most common group of SCAs. No preventive or curative treatments are currently available, but various therapeutic approaches, including RNA-targeting treatments, such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), are being developed. Clinical trials of ASOs in SCA patients are already planned. There is, therefore, a need to identify valid outcome measures for such studies. In this review, we describe recent advances towards identifying appropriate biomarkers, which are essential for monitoring disease progression and treatment efficacy. Neuroimaging biomarkers are the most powerful markers identified to date, making it possible to reduce sample sizes for clinical trials. Changes on brain MRI are already evident at the premanifest stage in SCA1 and SCA2 carriers and are correlated with CAG repeat size. Other potential biomarkers have also been developed, based on neurological examination, oculomotor study, cognitive assessment, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Longitudinal studies based on multimodal approaches are required to establish the relationships between parameters and to validate the biomarkers identified

El oppidum de San Cibrán de Las y el papel de la religión en los procesos de centralización en la Edad del Hierro

Nuevas investigaciones permiten cuestionar la datación tradicional de los oppida del Noroeste hispano en época romana, mostrando que muchos de estos sitios tuvieron su origen ya en el siglo II-I a.C. El oppidum de San Cibrán de Las (Ourense) representa uno de los yacimientos clave para esta discusión. Las excavaciones en área llevadas a cabo en los últimos años han ofrecido una gran cantidad de información acerca de la estructura interna del asentamiento, sus viviendas y fortificaciones, así como el especial simbolismo del área de la acrópolis; en esta última se encuentran documentadas varias esculturas de divinidades y epígrafes religiosos. No obstante, el descubrimiento más importante es la larga secuencia de ocupación del yacimiento puesta en evidencia por una amplia serie de dataciones de C14. La frecuentación del sitio se inició varios siglos antes de la fundación del oppidum, y parece haber estado vinculada con un uso de la acrópolis para celebraciones religiosas. Una comparativa con la evidencia arqueológica encontrada en otros oppida de la Europa templada, las fuentes escritas y la toponimia regional ponen de manifiesto el papel central de asambleas y festivales religiosos en la construcción de identidades colectivas y en los orígenes del urbanismoNew research challenges the traditional dating of the oppida of NW Iberia into the Roman period, showing that many of these sites already originated in the late 2nd and 1st century BC. The oppidum of San Cibrán de Las (Ourense) constitutes a key case-study for this discussion. The large-scale excavations of the last years have provided extensive information about the inner structure of the site, its houses and fortifications, and the special significance of the area of the acropolis; the latter includes several sculptures of deities and religious inscriptions. However, the most important discovery is the long sequence of occupation revealed by a large sample of C14 dates. Frequentation of the site starts several centuries before the foundation of the oppidum, and seems to have been related with a use of the acropolis for religious gatherings. A comparison with the archaeological evidence found at other oppida from temperate Europe, literary sources and regional place names points towards the crucial role of assemblies and religious festivals in the construction of collective identities and the development of early urbanis

The dissolution of synthetic Na-boltwoodite in sodium carbonate solutions

Uranyl silicates such as uranophane and Na-boltwoodite appear to control the solubility of uranium in certain contaminated sediments at the US Department of Energy Hanford site [Liu, C., Zachara, J.M., Qafoku, O., McKinley, J.P., Heald, S.M., Wang, Z. 2004. Dissolution of uranyl microprecipitates in subsurface sediments at Hanford Site, USA. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68, 4519– 4537.]. Consequently, the solubility of synthetic Na-boltwoodite, Na(UO2)(SiO3OH) • 1.5H2O, was determined over a wide range of bicarbonate concentrations, from circumneutral to alkaline pH, that are representative of porewater and groundwater compositions at the Hanford site and calcareous environments generally. Experiments were open to air. Results show that Na-boltwoodite dissolution was nearly congruent and its solubility and dissolution kinetics increased with increasing bicarbonate concentration and pH. A consistent set of solubility constants were determined from circumneutral pH (0 added bicarbonate) to alkaline pH (50 mM added bicarbonate). Average log Kosp = 5:86 ± 0.24 or 5.85 ± 0.0.26; using the Pitzer ion-interaction model or Davies equation, respectively. These values are close to the one determined by [Nguyen, S.N., Silva, R.J., Weed, H.C., Andrews, Jr., J.E., 1992. Standard Gibbs free energies of formation at the temperature 303.15 K of four uranyl silicates: soddyite, uranophane, sodium boltwoodite, and sodium weeksite. J. Chem. Thermodynamics 24, 359–376.] under very different conditions (pH 4.5, Ar atmosphere)