Palma forrageira enriquecida com ureia como suplemento para bovinos

Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização de palma forrageira enriquecida com ureia em substituição a um suplemento múltiplo tradicional sobre o consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade total e parcial, cinética ruminal, balanço de nitrogênio, síntese de proteína microbiana, fermentação ruminal e perdas endógenas de nitrogênio em novilhos mestiços. Cinco novilhos ½ Holandês x Zebu dotados de cânulas permanentes no rúmen, com peso corporal inicial médio de 240,0 ± 22,1 kg, foram utilizados em ensaio experimental delineado em quadrado Latino 5 x 5. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro níveis de inclusão de ureia (0, 1, 2 e 3% na MS) e um tratamento controle constituído por um suplemento múltiplo tradicional. Verificou-se aumento linear no consumo de PB e efeito quadrático nos consumos de MS, MO, CNF, FDN e MO digestível em função do nível de inclusão de ureia. Ponto de máximo para a digestibilidade total da MO (645,0 g/kg) foi estimado com a inclusão de 2,0% de ureia. Verificou-se melhoria na digestibilidade ruminal da MS, FDN e PB quando a palma foi enriquecida com ureia. O pool ruminal de MS, FDN e FDNi não foi alterado com inclusão de ureia nas dietas. Aumento na taxa de ingestão (ki) foi observado quando a palma foi enriquecida com ureia. A taxa de passagem (kp) apresentada pelos animais suplementados com palma enriquecida com 3% de ureia foi semelhante àqueles da dieta controle. A taxa de degradação da FDN aumentou nas dietas enriquecidas com palma. Efeito quadrático foi observado para o consumo de MS e retenção de N, com pontos de máximo de 6,97 kg MS/dia e 50,9 g/dia com a inclusão de 1,8 e 2,1% de ureia na MS, respectivamente. Concentrações máximas de 16,2; 23,2 e 24,3 mg/dL de N-NH3 foram registradas nos animais alimentados com palma enriquecida com 1, 2 e 3% de ureia. Houve efeito quadrático para pH ruminal, com valor de 6,45 às 4,08 horas após a alimentação. Registrou-se concentração de 70,9 mmol de ácido acético/mL com a inclusão de 1,5% de ureia. Eficiência de síntese microbiana de 103 g PB/kg de NDT foi obtida com nível de inclusão ureia de 1,6%. Sugere-se que a palma forrageira enriquecida com 1,8% de ureia substitua o suplemento múltiplo tradicional.Therefore, the effect of using spineless cactus enriched with urea (0, 1, 2 and 3% DM) to replace a traditional multiple supplement (control) on nutrients intake, total apparent digestibility, ruminal and intestinal (was assessed using digested samples collected from the omasum), cinectc ruminal nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, ruminal fermentation parameters, and endogenous nitrogen losses was assessed in crossbred steers. Five steers, ½ Holstein x Zebu, cannulated with an average initial body weight of 240 ± 22.1 kg were used designed experimental test square in a 5 x 5 Latin square. The treatments consisted of four levels of inclusion of urea (0, 1, 2, and 3% in DM) and a control treatment with a traditional multiple supplement. There was a linear increase in the intake of CP and a quadratic effect in DM, OM, NFC, NDF, and digestible OM according to the urea inclusion level. The maximum point for total OM digestibility (645.0 g/kg) was estimated with the inclusion of 2.0% urea. There was an improvement in ruminal digestibility of DM, NDF, and CP when spineless cactus was enriched with urea. The ruminal pool of DM, NDF, and NDFi has not changed with the inclusion of urea in the diets. Increased intake rate (ki) was observed when spineless cactus was enriched with urea. The passage rate (kp) presented by animals supplemented with spineless cactus enriched with 3% urea was similar to that of the control diet. The rate of NDF degradation increased in the diets enriched with spineless cactus. A quadratic effect was observed for DM intake and N retention, with maximum values of 6.97 kg/day and 50.9 g/day with the inclusion of 1.8 and 2.1% urea, respectively. Maximum concentrations of 16.2, 23.2 and 24.3 mg/dL of N-NH3 were recorded in animals fed spineless cactus enriched with 1, 2, and 3% of urea. There was a quadratic effect on ruminal pH, with a value of 6.45 at 4.08 hours after feeding. The concentration of 70.9 mmol acetic acid/ml was recorded with the addition of 1.5% urea. Microbial synthesis efficiency of 103 g CP/kg TDN was obtained with the inclusion of 1.6% urea. It is suggested that the spineless cactus enriched with 1.8% urea could replace the traditional multiple supplement.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPE

Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea forcattle

This study was realized to evaluate the effect of the ‘multiple supplements’ containing spineless cactus enriched with urea (0, 1, 2 and 3% on dry matter basis - DM) as a replacement to a traditional supplement (control) on ruminal parameters and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers. Five steers(½ Holstein x Zebu) can nulated in the rumen, with an average initial body weight of 240 ± 22.1 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square. A quadratic effect was observed for DM intake and N retention, with maximum values of 6.97 kg d-1 and 50.9 gd-1 with the inclusion of 1.8 and 2.1% urea, respectively. Maximum concentrations of 16.2, 23.2 and 24.3 mg dL-1of N-NH3were recorded in animals fed spineless cactus enriched with 1, 2, and 3% of urea. There was a quadratic effect on ruminal pH, with a value of 6.45 at 4.08 hours after feeding. Microbial synthesis efficiency of 103 g CPkg-1 TDN was obtained with the inclusion of 1.6% urea. Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with 1.6 up to 1.8% urea in replacement of a traditional supplement is recommended for cattle.

Características agronômicas de variedades de milho para produção de silagem - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i4.9299

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry and fresh matter yield, height of ear insertion, number of ears per plant, plant height and the ear stem-1 leaf-1 ratio of six maize varieties recommended for the Brazilian semi-arid region (BR 5033 - Asa Branca, BR 5028 - São Francisco, BRS 4103, BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Assum Preto and Gurutuba) aiming at silage production. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Semi-Arid, in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. The varieties Gurutuba and BRS 4103 achieved the highest yields of fresh forage (38.7 and 40.0 t ha-1). These two varieties and BR 5028 - São Francisco showed the highest dry matter yield (16.0, 16.5 and 15.8 t ha-1, respectively). However, the variety BRS Caatingueiro presented a higher number of ears per plant (1.6) than those of the other varieties. Among the materials evaluated for silage production in the Submédio São Francisco river Valley, Gurutuba, BR 5028 - São Francisco and BRS 4103 stood out. The results obtained for dry matter production (t ha-1) and number of ears per plant, as well as the ear stem-1 leaf-1 ratio, indicate the possibility of using the evaluated varieties for silage production in the Brazilian semi-arid.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de massa seca e massa verde, altura de inserção da espiga, número de espigas por planta, altura das plantas e a relação espiga, colmo e folha de seis variedades de milho indicadas para a região semiárida brasileira (BR 5033 - Asa Branca, BR 5028 - São Francisco, BRS 4103, BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Assum Preto e Gurutuba), visando à produção de silagem. O experimento foi conduzido nas dependências da Embrapa Semiárido, adotando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. As variedades Gurutuba e BRS 4103 obtiveram as maiores produtividades de massa verde (38,7 e 40,0 t ha-1). Do mesmo modo, essas duas variedades e a BR 5028 - São Francisco se destacaram pela produção de massa seca (16,0; 16,5 e 15,8 t ha-1, respectivamente). A variedade BRS Caatingueiro apresentou número de espigas planta-1 (1,6) superior ao das demais. Entre os materiais avaliados para produção de silagem na região do Submédio do Vale do São Francisco, destacaram-se as cultivares Gurutuba, BR 5028 - São Francisco e BRS 4103. Os resultados obtidos para produção de massa seca (t ha-1) e número de espigas planta-1, assim como a relação espiga, colmo e folha atestam a possibilidade de utilização das variedades avaliadas para a produção de silagem na região semiárida brasileira

Agronomic characteristics of forage sorghum cultivars for silage production in the lower middle San Francisco Valley

Productive performance for silage production of five forage sorghum genotypes (BRS Ponta Negra, BRS 655, BR 601, BRS 506 and BRS 610) was evaluated through the yield of dry matter, digestible dry matter, and fresh matter, plant height, percentage of lodged and broken plants, and anatomical fractions in Brazilian semi-arid region. BRS 506 and BRS Ponta Negra varieties achieved the highest fresh forage yields (89.4 and 76.2 ton. ha-1), and BRS 506, stood out for dry and digestible dry matter yield (25.2 and 12.1 ton. ha-1, respectively). Regarding the participation of the plant fractions, BRS 655 and BRS 610 genotypes showed a higher percentage of panicles (50.2 and 41.0% respectively), while BRS 506 stressed out the stem participation (84.6%), and BRS Ponta Negra, the leaf participation (17.9%). Among the materials evaluated for silage production, stood out the BRS 506 and BRS Ponta Negra genotypes. The results obtained for production of dry and digestible dry matter, and the ratio of plant fractions indicates the possible use of these genotypes on silage production in the Brazilian semiarid

Agronomic characteristics of forage sorghum cultivars for silage production in the lower middle San Francisco Valley - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i1.13072

Productive performance for silage production of five forage sorghum genotypes (BRS Ponta Negra, BRS 655, BR 601, BRS 506 and BRS 610) was evaluated through the yield of dry matter, digestible dry matter, and fresh matter, plant height, percentage of lodged and broken plants, and anatomical fractions in Brazilian semi-arid region. BRS 506 and BRS Ponta Negra varieties achieved the highest fresh forage yields (89.4 and 76.2 ton. ha-1), and BRS 506, stood out for dry and digestible dry matter yield (25.2 and 12.1 ton. ha-1, respectively). Regarding the participation of the plant fractions, BRS 655 and BRS 610 genotypes showed a higher percentage of panicles (50.2 and 41.0% respectively), while BRS 506 stressed out the stem participation (84.6%), and BRS Ponta Negra, the leaf participation (17.9%). Among the materials evaluated for silage production, stood out the BRS 506 and BRS Ponta Negra genotypes. The results obtained for production of dry and digestible dry matter, and the ratio of plant fractions indicates the possible use of these genotypes on silage production in the Brazilian semiarid.

Características agronômicas de variedades de milho para produção de silagem = Agronomic characteristics of maize varieties for silage production in the submédio São Francisco river valley

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de massa seca e massa verde, altura de inserção da espiga, número de espigas por planta, altura das plantas e a relação espiga, colmo e folha de seis variedades de milho indicadas para a região semiárida brasileira (BR 5033 - Asa Branca, BR 5028 - São Francisco, BRS 4103, BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Assum Preto e Gurutuba), visando à produção de silagem. O experimento foi conduzido nas dependências da Embrapa Semiárido, adotando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. As variedades Gurutuba e BRS 4103 obtiveram as maiores produtividades de massa verde (38,7 e 40,0 t ha-1). Do mesmo modo, essas duas variedades e aBR 5028 - São Francisco se destacaram pela produção de massa seca (16,0; 16,5 e 15,8 t ha-1, respectivamente). A variedade BRS Caatingueiro apresentou número de espigas planta-1 (1,6) superior ao das demais. Entre os materiais avaliados para produção de silagem na região do Submédio do Vale do São Francisco, destacaram-se as cultivares Gurutuba, BR 5028 - São Francisco e BRS 4103. Os resultados obtidos para produção de massa seca (t ha-1) e número deespigas planta-1, assim como a relação espiga, colmo e folha atestam a possibilidade de utilização das variedades avaliadas para a produção de silagem na região semiárida brasileira.The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry and fresh matter yield, height of ear insertion, number of ears per plant, plant height and the ear stem-1 leaf-1 ratio of six maize varieties recommended for the Brazilian semi-arid region (BR 5033 - Asa Branca, BR 5028 - São Francisco, BRS 4103, BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Assum Preto and Gurutuba) aiming at silage production. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Semi-Arid, in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. The varieties Gurutuba and BRS 4103 achieved the highest yields of fresh forage (38.7 and 40.0 t ha-1). These two varieties and BR 5028 - São Francisco showed the highest dry matter yield (16.0, 16.5 and 15.8 t ha-1, respectively). However, the variety BRS Caatingueiro presented a higher number of ears per plant (1.6) than those of the other varieties. Among the materials evaluated for silage production in the Submédio São Francisco river Valley, Gurutuba, BR 5028 - São Francisco and BRS 4103 stood out. The results obtained for dry matter production (t ha-1) and number of earsper plant, as well as the ear stem-1 leaf-1 ratio, indicate the possibility of using the evaluated varieties for silage production in the Brazilian semi-arid

Replacement of wheat bran with spineless cactus in sugarcane-based diets for steers

ABSTRACT The effect of replacing wheat bran with spineless cactus (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in sugar cane-based diets on the intake of nutrients, feeding behavior, and rumen digestibility of steers was assessed using digested samples collected from the omasum. Five crossbred steers (1/2 Holstein-Zebu) were fitted with cannulas in the rumen and then assigned to a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Samples of omasal digesta were collected for three days. Rumen was evacuated via the rumen cannula to determine the rumen pool of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), indigestible NDF (iNDF), intake (ki), passage (kp) and degradation (NDF) rates, and the passage of iNDF (kpi). Nutrient intake displayed a quadratic effect, with maximum intakes of DM (5.73 kg d−1), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC, 4.63 kg d−1), and digestible organic matter (DOM, 3.45 kg d−1) estimated at the replacement levels of 54.63, 60.00, and 43.17%, respectively. The replacement levels showed no effect on feeding, rumination, or idle times. There was a linear increase in the total apparent and ruminal digestibility of CP as the spineless cactus content in the diet was increased. There was no effect on total and partial digestibilities of OM and NDF or on intestinal digestibility of CP. No effect was observed on the rumen pool of DM, NDF, or iNDF. Furthermore, ki, kp, NDF degradation, and iNDF passage rates displayed a quadratic effect, with higher concentrations estimated for replacement levels of 56.07, 56.12, 59.00, and 55.20%, respectively. Replacing 55% wheat bran with spineless cactus in sugar cane-based diets is recommended

Professores e Alunos: o engendramento da violência da escola

The school violence engendering is partially analyzed, considering the violence production in the school environment. This is a bibliographic research with quantitative and qualitative approach. Sources: 77 theses and 15 dissertations carried out in Brazil (2007 to 2012). Data collection and organization: Content Analysis. Main reference: Bernard Charlot and Pierre Bourdieu. Results: the sources showed that Brazilian teachers participate effectively in the school violence engendering, contributing to violence production in the school environment. The students are the main victims. The teacher is less affected by physical and verbal violence. The symbolic power is the most perpetrated by the teacher against the student. The school also plays a major role in it.Analisa-se o engendramento de uma face da violência da escola, tendo em vista a produção da violência em espaço escolar. Pesquisa bibliográfica quanti-qualitativa. Fontes: 77 dissertações e 15 teses produzidas no Brasil (2007 a 2012). Coleta e organização dos dados: Análise de Conteúdo. Fundamentação base: Bernard Charlot e Pierre Bourdieu. Resultados: as fontes apontaram que professores brasileiros são protagonistas na constituição da violência da escola, contribuindo para a produção da violência em espaço escolar. Os alunos são as principais vítimas dessa violência. O professor sofre menos violência física e verbal do que o aluno. A violência simbólica é a mais usada pelo professor contra o aluno. A escola também usa desse expediente