Changes in PGE2 signaling after submandibulectomy alter post–tooth extraction socket healing

Saliva is very important to oral health, and a salivary deficit has been shown to bring serious problems to oral health. There is scant information about the mechanisms through which salivary glands participate in post–tooth extraction socket healing. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of submandibulectomy (SMx), consisting of the ablation of submandibular and sublingual glands (SMG and SLG, respectively), on PGE2 signaling and other bone regulatory molecules, such as OPG and RANKL, involved in tooth extraction socket healing. Male Wistar rats, 70 g body weight, were assigned to an experimental (subjected to SMx) or a control group (sham operated). One week later, the animals in both groups underwent bilateral extraction of the first mandibular molars. The effect of SMx on different stages of socket healing after tooth extraction (7, 14, and 30 days) was studied by evaluating some parameters of inflammation, including PGE2 and its receptors, and of bone metabolism, as well as by performing bone biomechanical studies. SMx increased TNFα and PGE2 content as well as cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) expression in tooth socket tissue at almost all the studied time points. SMx also had an effect on mRNA expression of PGE2 receptors at the different time points, but did not significantly alter osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL mRNA expression at any of the studied time points. In addition, an increase in bone mass density was observed in SMx rats compared with matched controls, and the structural and mechanical bone properties of the mandibular socket bone were also affected by SMx. Our results suggest that the SMG/SLG complex regulates cellular activation and differentiation by modulating the production of molecules intervening in tooth extraction socket repair, including the PGE2 signaling system, which would therefore account for the higher density and resistance of the newly formed bone in SMx rat.Fil: Mohn, Claudia Ester. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Troncoso, Gastón Rodolfo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Bozzini, Clarisa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Conti, María Inés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Solari, José Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Elverdín, Juan Carlos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentin

The hypothalamic endocannabinoid system participates in the secretion of oxytocin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced by lipopolysaccharide

This study investigated the participation of the hypothalamic endocannabinoid system in the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge evaluating oxytocin (OXT) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) plasma levels in vivo and their release from hypothalamic fragments in vitro. LPS increased OXT and TNF-α release through anandamide-activation of hypothalamic cannabinoid receptor CB1, since the antagonist AM251 blocked this effect. Anandamide, through its receptors, also increased hypothalamic nitric oxide (NO) which inhibited OXT release, ending the stimulatory effect of the endocannabinoid. Our findings reveal a hypothalamic interaction between oxytocin, endocannabinoid and NO-ergic systems providing a regulation of the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal axis under basal and stress conditions.Fil: de Laurentiis, Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Solari, José Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Mohn, Claudia Ester. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Burdet, Berenice. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Zorrilla Zubilete, María Aurelia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Rettori, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; Argentin

Endocannabinoids mediate hyposalivation induced by inflammogens in the submandibular glands and hypothalamus

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that could participate on salivary glands hypofunction during inflammation and the participation of endocannabinoids in hyposalivation induced by the presence of inflammogens in the submandibular gland (SMG) or in the brain. Design: Salivary secretion was assessed in the presence of inflammogens and/or the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 in the SMG or in the brain of rats. At the end of the experiments, some systemic and glandular inflammatory markers were measured and histopathological analysis was performed. Results: The inhibitory effect observed 1 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg/50 μl) injection into the SMG (ig) was completely prevented by the injection of AM251 (5 μg/50 μl) by the same route (P < 0.05). The LPS (ig)-induced increase in PGE2 content was not altered by AM251 (ig), while the glandular production of TNFa induced by the endotoxin (P < 0.001) was partially blocked by it. Also, LPS injection produced no significant changes in the wet weight of the SMG neither damage to lipid membranes of its cells, nor significant microscopic changes in them, after hispopathological analysis, compared to controls. Finally, TNFα (100 ng/5 μl) injected intracerebro-ventricularly (icv) inhibited methacholine-induced salivary secretion evaluated 30 min after (P < 0.01), but the previous injection of AM251 (500 ng/5 μl, icv) prevented completely that effect. Conclusion: We conclude that endocannabinoids mediate the hyposialia induced by inflammogens in the SMG and in the brain. The hypofunction would be due to changes on signalling pathway produced by inflammatory compounds since anatomical changes were not observed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Fil: Prestifilippo, Juan Pablo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiopatología; ArgentinaFil: Medina, Vanina Araceli. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Fisicomatemática. Cátedra de Física; ArgentinaFil: Mohn, Claudia Ester. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, P. A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - La Plata. Unidad de Administración Territorial; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología; ArgentinaFil: Elverdin, Juan Carlos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Solari, Jose Javier. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentin

The effect of anandamide on prolactin secretion is modulated by estrogen

Recent research has revealed that endogenous cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) react with the active ingredient of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Two endogenous ligands activate these receptors. The principal one, anandamide (AEA), activates CB1. AEA and CB1 are localized to various neurons within the brain. Because Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited prolactin (Prl) secretion following its intraventricular injection into male rats, we hypothesized that AEA would have a similar effect. Estrogen modifies many hormonal responses and is known to increase Prl secretion. Therefore, we hypothesized that responses to intraventricular AEA would change depending on the gonadal steroid environment. Consequently, we evaluated the effects of lateral cerebral ventricular microinjection of AEA (20 ng) into male, ovariectomized (OVX), and estrogen-primed (OVX-E) rats. AEA decreased plasma Prl in male rats, had little effect in OVX females, and increased Prl in OVX-E rats. The results were at least partially mediated by changes in dopaminergic turnover, altering the inhibitory dopaminergic control of Prl release by the anterior pituitary gland. Thus, dopamine turnover was increased in the male rats and decreased significantly in OVX and in OVX-E rats. The changes in Prl may be caused not only by altered dopamine input to the anterior pituitary gland but also by effects of AEA on other transmitters known to alter Prl release. Importantly, in OVX-E rats, the elevated Prl release and the response to AEA were blocked by the AEA antagonist, indicating that AEA is a synaptic transmitter released from neurons that decrease inhibitory control of Prl release.Fil: Scorticati, Camila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Mohn, Claudia Ester. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: de Laurentiis, Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Vissio, Paula Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Solari, José Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Seilicovich, Adriana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: McCann, Samuel M.. Pennington Biomedical Research Center; Estados UnidosFil: Rettori, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; Argentin

NDP-MSH reduces oxidative damage induced by palmitic acid in primary astrocytes

Recent findings relate obesity to inflammation in key hypothalamic areas for body weight control. Hypothalamic inflammation has also been related to oxidative stress. Palmitic acid (PA) is the most abundant free fatty acid found in food, and in vitro studies indicate that it triggers a pro-inflammatory response in the brain. Melanocortins are neuropeptides with proven anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective action mediated by melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R), but little is known about the effect of melanocortins on oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate whether melanocortins could alleviate oxidative stress induced by a high fat diet (HFD) model. We found that NDP-MSH treatment decreased PA-induced reactive oxygen species production in astrocytes, an effect blocked by the MC4R inhibitor JKC363. NDP-MSH abolished nuclear translocation of Nrf2 induced by PA and blocked the inhibitory effect of PA on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione levels while it also per se increased activity of SOD and γ-glutamate cysteine ligase (γ-GCL) antioxidant enzymes. However, HFD reduced hypothalamic MC4R and brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels, thereby preventing the neuroprotective mechanism induced by melanocortins.Fil: Ramírez, Delia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Saba, Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Turati, Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Carniglia, Lila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Imsen, Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Mohn, Claudia Ester. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Scimonelli, Teresa Nieves. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Durand, Daniela Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Caruso, Carla Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Lasaga, Mercedes Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentin

Relationship at Dentinal Wall-Post Interface between Different Root Anchorage Methods

Objetivo: Evaluar la interfaz pared dentinaria-poste utilizando distintos tipos de anclaje radicular: poste único, poste individualizado con resina, y poste individualizado con fibra de vidrio.Objective: To evaluate the dentinal wall-post interface using different types of root anchors: single post, individualized post with resin, and individualized post with fiberglass.Fil: Coria, L.E.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Endodoncia; ArgentinaFil: Mamani, M.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Endodoncia; ArgentinaFil: Pérez, A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Endodoncia; ArgentinaFil: Buldo, M.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Endodoncia; ArgentinaFil: Mohn, Claudia Ester. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, P. A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Endodoncia; Argentin

A implantação do projeto-piloto das mídias sociais no Ibict: a página do Facebook institucional

Social media present as a possibility to leverage personal relationships, overcoming space and time, with sweeping and asynchronous communication. Thus, Facebook  born as an option for virtual interpersonal relationships, then, now offers more facilities than the initial aim,principally, for institutions to promote their products and services, turning into an appropriate channel for institutional marketing. The present study describes the implementation of the Ibict's  Facebook page, its adaptation to new types of information dissemination about  products and services, in the same way that presents the positive results of the pilot project implementation strategy, revealing the breadth and the result of the procedures.As mídias sociais apresentam-se como uma possibilidade de potencializar as relações pessoais ultrapassando tempo e espaço, ao permitir uma comunicação assíncrona e abrangente. Nesse ponto, o Facebook, nascido como uma opção para relacionamentos interpessoais virtuais, extrapolou sua finalidade inicial ao ofertar facilidades para que instituições possam divulgar seus produtos e serviços, transformando-se em um canal apropriado para o marketing institucional. O presente estudo descreve a implementação da página do Facebook do Ibict, como estratégia de se adaptar aos novos modelos de disseminação da informação sobre os produtos e serviços, da mesma forma que apresenta os resultados positivos do projeto-piloto da implementação, revelando a abrangência e atuação das ações.

Evaluation of the sealing capacity of MTA, IV and OZE in apical retrobturation

En el presente trabajo, se evaluó la capacidad de sellado del mineral de trióxido agregado (MTA), ionómero vitreo (IV) y oxido zinc eugenol (OZE) en retrobturaciones apicales. Cien piezas dentales unirradiculares, fueron divididas en 5 grupos (n=20): 1- control positivo, ápice sin sellar; 2-control negativo, ápice impermeabilizado con esmalte de uñas; 3- retrobturado con MTA; 4- retrobturado con OZE; 5- retrobturado con IV. Al finalizar los tratamientos ex vivo, las piezas fueron sometidas a la prueba de penetración de tinte, mediante sumersión en azul de metileno 2% durante 48 hs. A continuación, se realizó un corte transversal a 1 mm del extremo apical y se midió el porcentaje de tinción como medida de la capacidad de sellado de los materiales de obturación empleados. Los resultados fueron analizados con la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, seguida por comparaciones de a pares. El porcentaje de tinción no difirió significativamente entre los tratamientos con MTA e IV, pero éstos mostraron un porcentaje significativamente menor con respecto al tratamiento con OZE. Además, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el tratamiento con OZE y el control positivo. Estos resultados demuestran que el IV y el MTA tienen similar capacidad de sellado en retrobturación in vitro, y que a su vez, constituyen mejores selladores que el OZE, que no demostró ser un sellador efectivo, al menos en las condiciones estudiadas.In the present work, the sealing capacity of the aggregate trioxide ore (MTA), vitreous ionomer (IV) and zinc oxide eugenol (OZE) in apical retrobturations was evaluated. One hundred unirradicular dental pieces were divided into 5 groups (n = 20): 1- positive control, unsealed apex; 2-negative control, apex waterproofed with nail polish; 3- retrobturado with MTA; 4- retrobturado with OZE; 5- retrobturado with IV. At the end of the ex vivo treatments, the pieces were subjected to the dye penetration test, by submerging in 2% methylene blue for 48 hours. Next, a cross section was made 1 mm from the apical end and the percentage of staining was measured as a measure of the sealing capacity of the sealing materials used. The results were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by pairwise comparisons. The percentage of staining did not differ significantly between treatments with MTA and IV, but these showed a significantly lower percentage compared to treatment with OZE. In addition, no significant differences were found between the treatment with OZE and the positive control. These results demonstrate that IV and MTA have similar sealing capacity in retrobturation in vitro, and that in turn they constitute better sealants than OZE, which did not prove to be an effective sealant, at least under the conditions studied.Fil: Dones, Valentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Mohn, Claudia Ester. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Gualtieri, Ariel Félix. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología; ArgentinaFil: Pinasco, Laura E,. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología; ArgentinaFil: Sierra, Liliana Gloria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Pablo A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología; ArgentinaFil: Casadoumecq, Ana Clara. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentin

Media ethnography

Contents Editorial Thematic Focus: Media Ethnography Media Ethnography and Participation in Online Practices / David Waldecker, Kathrin Englert, Wolfgang Ludwig-Mayerhofer, Oliver Schmidtke The Story is Everywhere. Dispersed Situations in a Literary Role Play Game / Wolfgang Reißmann Co-operation and/as Participant Observation: Reflections on Ethnographic Fieldwork in Morocco / Simon Holdermann Ethnomethodological Media Ethnography: Exploring Everyday Digital Practices in Families with Young Children / Clemens Eisenmann, Jan Peter, Erik Wittbusch Cooperation and Difference. Camera Ethnography in the Research Project ‘Early Childhood and Smartphone’ / Bina E. Mohn, Pip Hare, Astrid Vogelpohl, Jutta Wiesemann Reports Coordinations, or Computing is Work / Sebastian Gießman

Endocannabinoids in TNF-α and Ethanol Actions

During marijuana and alcohol consumption as well as during inflammation the reproductive axis is inhibited, mainly through the inhibition of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release. In male rats, this inhibitory effect is mediated, at least in part, by the activation of hypothalamic cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1). During inflammation, this activation of the endocannabinoid system seems to be mediated by an increase in TNF-α production followed by anandamide augmentations, similarly the effect of intragastric administration of ethanol (3 g/kg) seems to be due to an increase in anandamide. On the other hand, a number of different actions mediated by the endocannabinoid system in various organs and tissues have been described. Both cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, are localized in the submandibular gland where they mediate the inhibitory effect of intrasubmandibular injections of the endocannabinoid anandamide (6 × 10–5M) on salivary secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (5 mg/kg/3 h) injected intraperitoneally and ethanol (3 g/kg/1 h) injected intragastrically inhibited the salivary secretion induced by the sialogogue metacholine; this inhibitory effect was blocked by CB1 and/or CB2 receptor antagonists. Similar to the hypothalamus, these effects seem to be mediated by increased anandamide. In summary, similar mechanisms mediate the inhibitory actions of endocannabinoids and cannabinoids in both hypothalamus and submandibular gland during drug consumption and inflammation.Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich