Time Period Between Infection of Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 (Nematoda: Rhabditida) and Soil Application of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Cadavers, Analysing Emergence of Infective Juveniles

It was evaluated the effect of different time periods between the infection and soil application of the Galleria mellonella larva cadavers, infected with Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7, on the emergence of the infective juvenile (IJs) nematodes. The time period of six to ten days between infection and soil application resulted in higher emergence of IJs.Foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes tempos entre a infecção e aplicação no solo de cadáveres de larvas de Galleria mellonella, infectadas com Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7, sobre a emergência de juveniles infectantes (JIs). O período de seis a dez dias entre infecção e aplicação no solo resultou em maior emergência de JIs.Fil: del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Dolinski, Claudia. Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; BrasilFil: Barreto, Eduardo L. S.. Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; BrasilFil: Moreira Souza, Ricardo. Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; Brasi

CONTROLE BIOLÓGICO DA MOSCA-DO-MEDITERRÂNEO Ceratitis capitata UTILIZANDO NEMATOIDES ENTOMOPATOGÊNICOS EM LABORATÓRIO

O presente trabalho avaliou em laboratório, a utilização de diferentes linhagens de nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) individualmente e combinadas visando ao controle biológico da mosca-do-Mediterrâneo, Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera, Tephritidae). No primeiro bioensaio foram utilizadas oito linhagens individualizadas de NEPs (Steinernema carpocapsae NCALL, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88, H. baujardi LPP7, H. indica LPP1, H. indica LPP14, H. sp. LPP9, H. sp. LPP17 e H. sp. LPP12) sendo que para cada tratamento foram utilizados 20 tubos de ensaio cada um contendo areia,10 larvas L3 de C. capitata e 100 juvenis infectantes (JIs) diluídos em 1 cm3 de água destilada. No tratamento controle foi adicionado 1 cm3 de água destilada. No segundo bioensaio, foram utilizadas cinco larvas de C. capitata e as linhagens de nematoides foram combinadas duas a duas num total de 100 juvenis por repetição (50 JIs de cada linhagem) Os bioensaios foram conduzidos a 28 ºC, 80% UR e 12 de fotoperíodo. A mortalidade média das larvas foi avaliada pelo teste de Tukey a 1%. Individualmente as linhagens H. baujardi LPP7, H. indica LPP14, H. sp. LPP17 e H. sp. LPP12 foram as mais eficientes e causaram mortalidade entre 75 e 98,5%. As combinações mais eficientes foram H. indica LPP14 + H. sp. LPP9 e H. sp. LPP17 + H. sp. LPP12 com mortalidade de larvas L3 de 60 e 82%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que tanto separadamente ou em combinação, algumas linhagens de NEPs podem ser usadas no controle biológico de C. capitata, sendo que quando usadas separadamente, a eficiência é maior. ABSTRACT The present study investigated under laboratory conditions the use of entomopathogenic nematodes strains separately or in combinations, as biological control agent of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera, Tephritidae). In the first bioassay, eight strains were used separately (Steinernema carpocapsae NCALL, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88, H. baujardi LPP7, H. indica LPP1, H. indica LPP14, H. sp. LPP9, H. sp. LPP17 e H. sp. LPP12). For each treatment, 20 test tubes with sand, 10 larvae of C. capitata and 100 infective juveniles (IJs) diluted in 1 cm3 of distilled water were used. In the treatment control only 1 cm3 of distilled water was added. In the second bioassay it was used the same material; however, the number of C. capitata larvae was reduced to five and strains of nematodes combined in pairs, in a total of 100 IJs per replicate (50 individuals of each strain). All treatments were stored in an incubator for 15 days (28 ºC, 80% RU and 12 h photoperiod). The average mortality of larvae L3 was evaluated by Tukey test at 1%. The strains H. baujardi LPP7, H. indica LPP14, H. sp. LPP17 and H. sp. LPP12 were the most efficient ones, reaching mortalities range between 75 and 98.5%. In the second experiment, the most effective combinations were H. indica LPP14 + H. sp. LPP9 and H. sp. LPP17 + H. sp. LPP12 with mortality of 60 and 82%, respectively. We concluded that the use of NEPs in the biological control of C. capitata is a feasible alternative either using species separated or in combination, but the first one may reach higher mortality

Entomopathogenic nematology in Latin America: A brief history, current research and future prospects

Since the 1980s, research into entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in Latin America has produced many remarkable discoveries. In fact, 16 out of the 117 recognized species of EPNs have been recovered and described in the subcontinent, with many more endemic species and/or strains remaining to be discovered and identified. In addition, from an applied perspective, numerous technological innovations have been accomplished in relation to their implementation in biocontrol. EPNs have been evaluated against over 170 species of agricultural and urban insects, mites, and plant-parasitic nematodes under laboratory and field conditions. While much success has been recorded, many accomplishments remain obscure, due to their publication in non-English journals, thesis dissertations, conference proceedings, and other non-readily available sources. The present review provides a brief history of EPNs in Latin America, including current findings and future perspectives.Fil: San Blas, Ernesto. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas; VenezuelaFil: Campos Herrera, Raquel. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Dolinski, Claudia. Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; BrasilFil: Monteiro, Caio. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Andaló, Vanessa. Universidade Federal de Uberlandia; BrasilFil: Leite, Luis Garrigós. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; BrasilFil: Rodríguez, Mayra G.. Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria; CubaFil: Morales Montero, Patricia. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas; VenezuelaFil: Sáenz Aponte, Adriana. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; ColombiaFil: Cedano, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de Trujillo; PerúFil: López Nuñez, Juan Carlos. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones del Café; ColombiaFil: del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Doucet, Marcelo Edmundo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Zoología Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Lax, Paola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Zoología Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Navarro, Patricia D.. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; ChileFil: Báez, Francisco. Instituto Nacional Autonomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; EcuadorFil: Llumiquinga, Pablo. Instituto Nacional Autonomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; EcuadorFil: Ruiz Vega, Jaime. Instituto Politécnico Nacional ; MéxicoFil: Guerra Moreno, Abby. Laboratorio de Biotecnología; PanamáFil: Stock, S. Patricia. University of Arizona; Estados Unido

Aplicação foliar de nematóides entomopatogênicos (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae e Heterorhabditidae) para o controle de Diatraea saccharalis em casa de vegetação

The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, makes tunnels in the cane stalk, causing weight loss, as well as bud death, impairing germination. The weakened stalks are also more prone to breakage by wind, and in young plants the inner whorl of the leaves can die, resulting in a condition known as “dead heart”. Chemical control is used, but with low efficiency. This work was designed to test biological control of D. saccharalis using entomopathogenic nematodes (NEPs). Two trials in the greenhouse were performed using Heterohabditis baujard LPP7 and Steinernema carpocapse NCAll by foliar application associated with adjuvants. In the first assay, the number of holes per stalk was 3.4 for the control without nematodes and with Joint* Oil; 3.14 for the control without nematodes and with Gotafix®; 2.44 for S. carpocapsae NCAll + Joint* Oil; 2.06 for H. baujardi LPP7 + Gotafix® and also for S. carpocapsae NCAll + Gotafix®; and 1.84 for H. baujardi LPP7 + Joint* Oil. In the second assay, the treatments showed an average of 4.78 holes per stalk for the control without nematodes and with Gotafix®; 4.76 for the control without nematodes and with Joint* Oil; 2.18 for S. carpocapsae NCAll + Joint* Oil and for S. carpocapsae NCAll + Gotafix®; 1.96 for H. baujardi LPP7 + Gotafix®; and 1.90 for H. baujardi LPP7 + Joint* Oil. In the two experiments, the treatments with and without the EPNs differed significantly, but there was no difference between the adjuvants or between the two EPN species.A broca-da-cana, Diatraea saccharalis, causa danos à cana-de-açúcar devido ao seu hábito de formar galerias nos colmos, o que acarreta em perda do peso do produto, redução da sacarose e a seca dos ponteiros. O controle químico é utilizado, porém, com baixa eficiência, pois a larva permanece maior parte do tempo de seu desenvolvimento dentro dos colmos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo testar o controle biológico da D. saccharalis, utilizando-se nematóides entomopatogênicos (NEPs). Para tanto, foram realizados dois ensaios em casa de vegetação utilizando-se Heterohabditis baujardi LPP7 e Steinernema carpocapse NcAll por pulverização foliar, associados a produtos adjuvantes. No primeiro ensaio, o número médio de furos causados pela broca-da-cana, nas testemunhas Joint* Oil e Gotafix® foram de 3,4 e 3,14 respectivamente. Já quanto aos tratamentos, o número de furos por colmo analisado foi de 2,44 para S. carpocapsae NCAll + Joint* Oil; 2,06 para H. baujardi LPP7 + Gotafix®; 2,06 para S. carpocapsae NCAll + Gotafix®; e 1,84 para H. baujardi LPP7 + Joint* Oil. Quando o experimento foi repetido, o número médio de furos nas testemunhas Gotafix® e Joint* Oil, foram respectivamente 4,78 e 4,76. Quanto aos tratamentos S. carpocapsae NCAll + Joint* Oil, S. carpocapsae NCAll + Gotafix®, H. baujardi LPP7 + Gotafix® e H. baujardi LPP7 + Joint* Oil, apresentaram o número médio de 2,18; 2,18; 1,96 e 1,96 furos por colmos avaliados. Assim, ambos nematóides controlaram a broca da cana, contudo não houve diferença significativa entre NEPs e produtos adjuvantes

Molecular and morphological characterization of heterorhabditid entomopathogenic nematodes from the tropical rainforest in Brazil

Despite massive losses of primary forest, the Amazonian rainforest remains an extremely rich source of biodiversity. In recent years, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been isolated from soil in various parts of the world and used successfully as biological control agents against numerous insect pests. Therefore, a sampling in the rainforest of Monte Negro, Rondônia, Brazil was conducted with the aim of discovering new strains and/or species of EPNs for future development as biological control agents. From 156 soil samples taken at nine collecting sites, 19 isolates were obtained, all of them belonging to the genus Heterorhabditis . Four strains were subjected to detailed morphological and molecular evaluation. Based on morphometrics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data, the strains LPP1, LPP2 and LPP4 were identified as Heterorhabditis indica , whereas LPP7 was considered Heterorhabditis baujardi . Comparative analysis of the ITS1 sequence of H. indica and H. baujardi isolates showed a polymorphic site for the restriction enzyme Tth 111 that could be used to distinguish the two species. Consequently, strains LPP1, LPP2, LPP3, LPP4, and LPP9 were identified as H. indica, whereas LPP5, LPP7, LPP8 and LPP10 were identified as H. baujardi

Effect of cadaver coatings on emergence and infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and the removal of cadavers by ants

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are used for the biological control of soil insect pests worldwide and are generally applied to the soil in aqueous suspension. An alternative application method that could be especially practical and effective under certain conditions is to apply the nematode-killed insect (referred to herein as infected insect cadavers) that are placed on or in the soil and from which the nematodes emerge to seek new hosts. However, physical damage to the insect cadavers during handling and application as well as the potential detrimental impact of various soil biotic and abiotic factors could reduce the efficacy of cadaver applications. Our objective was to test the effectiveness of various protective coverings applied to Galleria mellonella insect cadavers in terms of their potential impact on the emergence and virulence of infective juveniles of the EPN Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7, and to evaluate whether these coverings influenced cadaver removal by ants (Ectatomma spp.). The protective coveringtreatments included a commercial calcareous powder, a commercial talc powder, and gelatin capsules. The number of emerging infective juveniles (IJs) from insect cadavers formulated with talc powder (9.722 ± 1.382) and gelatin capsules (7.892 ± 1.072) was similar to the control (6.346 ± 1.311), and indicated that these coverings do not interfere with IJ emergence. However, the powdered calcareous covering significantly reduced IJ emergence. High infectivity was observed for IJs that emerged from cadavers in all treatments. Ectatomma spp. ants removed all insect cadavers from the nest entrance to a distance of 20 cm, with the exception of insect cadavers formulated in gelatin capsules, which were not removed. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Fil: del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Dolinski, Claudia. Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; BrasilFil: Barreto, Eduardo L.S.. Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; BrasilFil: Souza, R.M.. Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; Brasi