Topical treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) with formulations containing pentamidine

Current treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) relies mainly on pentavalent antimonials salts and second-line drugs include pentamidine and amphotericin B, but these therapies have side effects and require parenteral administration. The aim of this work was to evaluate the topical formulations containing pentamidine isethionate (PI) in the experimental treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were infected in the nose with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Six treatment groups received different topical treatments of anhydrous or hydrating emulsions, for a maximum of 10 days, with an application of 50 mg day(-1). After treatment tissue samples of lesions were evaluated by histology, transmission electron microscopy and biopsy cultivation. Compared with untreated group, topical treatment with hydrating emulsion with 10% PI and usnic acid (ACE5AU) showed significantly decrease in volume lesion (P= 0.028) on 20th day after the end of the treatment with reduction of 27.37%. Topical treatment with anhydrous emulsion with 10% PI and usnic acid (ACPU) reduces parasite burden in Golden hamsters. This study demonstrated the potential of topical treatment to reduce the number of parasites that could be combined with others drugs and to have a faster and more effective treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.Peer reviewe

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antileishmania de complexos de cobre (I)

In the research for the development of new drugs for the therapy of American tegumentary leishmaniasis, copper has been studied for its antileishmania activity. This study aims to report the activity of three copper(I) complexes on parasites of the species L. amazonensis and L. guyanensis. The metal complexes were tested according to in vitro antileishmanial assays, against promastigote and amastigote forms of the most prevalent species in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Cytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated in murine macrophage-like cell line (MJ774). The results of the in vitro assays indicated that, among the copper complexes tested, the homoleptic phosphine complex [Cu(thp)4][PF6](thp=tris-hydroxymethylphosphine) presented promising activity against the evolutionary forms of L. amazonensis, and obtained a IC50 of  26.45 and 24.61 µM in a period of 48 and 72 h, respectively. The results for copper complex at concentration 160 µM in amastigote forms showed a decrease in the infection index (32% of infected cells) and, in the cytotoxicity assay with MJ774, 52.43% of cell viability was observed. The results showed that the complex [Cu(thp)4][PF6] presented significant biological activity, indicating a need for future in vivo studies.Na busca do desenvolvimento de novos fármacos para a terapia da leishmaniose tegumentar americana, o cobre tem sido estudado quanto a sua atividade antileishmania. Esse estudo tem como objetivo relatar a atividade de três complexos de cobre (I) sobre parasitas das espécies L. amazonensis e L. guyanensis. Os complexos metálicos foram testados por meio de ensaios antileishmania in vitro contra as formas promastigota e amastigota das espécies mais prevalentes no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. A citotoxicidade dos complexos foi avaliada em linhagem de células semelhantes a macrófagos murinos (MJ774). Os resultados dos ensaios in vitro indicaram que, entre os complexos de cobre testados, o complexo homoléptico de fosfina [Cu(thp)4][PF6](thp=tris-hidroximetilfosfina) apresentou atividade promissora contra as formas evolutivas de L. amazonensis, e obtiveram IC50 de 26,45 e 24,61 µM em um período de 48 e 72 h, respectivamente. Os resultados para o complexo de cobre na concentração de 160 µM nas formas amastigotas reportaram diminuição no índice de infecção (32% das células infectadas) e, no ensaio de citotoxicidade com MJ774, observou-se 52,43% de viabilidade celular. Os resultados evidenciaram que o complexo [Cu(thp)4][PF6] apresentou atividade biológica significativa, indicando a necessidade de futuros estudos in vivo

Antileishmanial activity of extracts from Libidibia ferrea : development of in vitro and in vivo tests

Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is difficult due to the scarce number of drugs able to eliminate completely the intracellular form of the parasite. In the present study, the aim was to evaluate: i) phytochemical properties of extracts from Libidibia ferrea; ii) antileishmanial activity of extracts from L. ferrea against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis; iii) the effects of topical treatment using hydrogel containing active extract of L. ferrea on golden hamsters infected with L. (L.) amazonensis. Extracts from leaves, branches and fruits of L. ferrea were obtained with hexane and methanol and were tested by in vitro assays in promastigotes and murine macrophages J774 experimentally infected with amastigotes of Leishmania. Groups of hamsters with CL received topical treatment with a formulation of extract (10%) hydrogels, 50 mg. day(-1) for 40 days. In vitro activity of FrMeOH (methanolic extract from fruits without seeds) resulted in significant reduction of viable promastigotes of L. (L.) amazonensis (IC50 of 15.4 mu g. mL(-1)) and demonstrated inhibition potential of amastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) guyanensis and low cytotoxicity in macrophages. The overall data of topical treatment with extract hydrogels (GelFrMeOH) showed that lesion sizes were significantly reduced (42.78%), with low parasite burden by RT-qPCR and culture analysis by microscopy examination, and with histopathological findings such as lower inflammatory cell infiltration 40 days after treatment. Chemical analysis demonstrated FrMeOH contains high levels of phenolic compounds. The results indicate a possible alternative therapy for CL using phytotherapics. KEYWORDS: cutaneous leishmaniasis, natural products, topical formulations, experimental treatmentPeer reviewe

Evaluation of the in vitro antileishmania activity of Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae)

Leishmaniasis is considered a neglected disease. In recent years studies have shown that several plants have activity against these pathogens, serving as the basis for the formulation of herbal medicines or as a target for obtaining active principles against the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antileishmania biological activity of the hexanic and methanolic extracts of the flowers and leaves of Tanacetum vulgare against Leishmania amazonensis and L. guyanensis. The flowers and leaves of the plant material were extracted from the hexane and methanolic solvents. The antileishmania activity of T. vulgare extracts was evaluated according to the inhibition of growth and mortality of L. amazonensis and L. guyanensis promastigotes at periods of 24, 48 and 72 h after incubation at 25 oC in the presence of extracts with concentrations of 31.25 to 500 μg.mL-1. The results showed that the extract metanolic of the flower showed activity against L. amazonensis (IC50 = 31.5 μg.mL-1) and L. guyanensis (IC50 < 100 μg.mL-1) in 72 h of incubation. Therefore, it is verified that the methanolic extract of the T. vulgare flower performed better in relation to antileishmania activity, allowing the possibility of future studies to determine its therapeutic efficacy