Global climate evolution during the last deglaciation

Deciphering the evolution of global climate from the end of the Last Glacial Maximum approximately 19 ka to the early Holocene 11 ka presents an outstanding opportunity for understanding the transient response of Earth’s climate system to external and internal forcings. During this interval of global warming, the decay of ice sheets caused global mean sea level to rise by approximately 80 m; terrestrial and marine ecosystems experienced large disturbances and range shifts; perturbations to the carbon cycle resulted in a net release of the greenhouse gases CO_2 and CH_4 to the atmosphere; and changes in atmosphere and ocean circulation affected the global distribution and fluxes of water and heat. Here we summarize a major effort by the paleoclimate research community to characterize these changes through the development of well-dated, high-resolution records of the deep and intermediate ocean as well as surface climate. Our synthesis indicates that the superposition of two modes explains much of the variability in regional and global climate during the last deglaciation, with a strong association between the first mode and variations in greenhouse gases, and between the second mode and variations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

Sedimentological Observations from the Tiskilwa Till, Illinois, and Sky Pilot Till, Manitoba

We present sedimentological observations from the Tiskilwa Till in northern Illinois, and the Sky Pilot Till in northern Manitoba, that indicate deposition of these tills by subglacial deformation. These generally homogenous tills grade downward into more heterogeneous tills that incorporate underlying sediment into their matrix, indicating entrainment of older sediments by sediment deformation. Deformed sand inclusions within these tills imply deformation of the tills and inclusions prior to deposition. The Tiskilwa Till has relatively high fabric strength throughout its thickness, whereas fabric strength in the Sky Pilot Till generally increases up-section in 2 to 3 m thick increments. Fabric orientations in both tills rotate up-section, possibly due to changes in ice-flow direction associated with the thickening and thinning of ice, and changes in ice-flow divide location. In both the Tiskilwa and Sky Pilot Tills, the change in fabric orientation occurs over intervals of ~1 m, suggesting that the maximum depth of deformation was ≤1 m insofar as any greater depth of deformation would have reoriented till fabric during maximum ice extent and retreat. In the case of the Sky Pilot Till, the up-section increase in macrofabric strength indicates that strain increased up-section. These data suggest that these tills were deposited in a time transgressive manner as strain migrated upwards with the delivery of new till either released from the ice base or advected from up-ice.Les observations sédimentologiques des tills de Tiskilwa, Illinois, et de Sky Pilot, Manitoba, indiquent que ces tills sont issus d’une déformation sous-glaciaire. Ces tills, généralement homogènes, deviennent hétérogènes vers leur base et ils incorporent du matériel sous-jacent dans leur matrice, ce qui indique un déplacement des sédiments plus âgés par déformation. La présence d’inclusions de sable dans ces tills impliquent leur déformation avant leur dépôt. Le till de Tiskilwa présente une matrice très cohérente sur toute son épaisseur tandis que celle du till de Sky Pilot augmente vers le haut tous les 2 ou 3 mètres. La rotation de l’orientation des matrices de ces deux tills est probablement associée aux changements de l’écoulement glaciaire liés à l’épaisseur de la glace et à la migration de la ligne de partage des marges glaciaires. Pour ces tills, le changement d’orientation du matériel se produit sur des intervalles d’environ 1 m, où la profondeur maximale de déformation devrait réorienter le matériel du till durant le maximum glaciaire et le retrait des glaces. Dans le cas du till de Sky Pilot, la section supérieure montre une augmentation dans la force de cohésion du matériel. Ces données indiquent que ces tills se sont déposés de manière diachronique, où la force de tension a migré vers le haut, entraînant le dépôt de matériel basal frais à partir de la base de la glace ou par advection depuis la glace

Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years

Much of our understanding of Cenozoic climate is based on the record of δ18O measured in benthic foraminifera. However, this measurement reflects a combined signal of global temperature and sea level, thus preventing a clear understanding of the interactions and feedbacks of the climate system in causing global temperature change. Our new reconstruction of temperature change over the past 4.5 million years includes two phases of long-term cooling, with the second phase of accelerated cooling during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (1.5 to 0.9 million years ago) being accompanied by a transition from dominant 41,000-year low-amplitude periodicity to dominant 100,000-year high-amplitude periodicity. Changes in the rates of long-term cooling and variability are consistent with changes in the carbon cycle driven initially by geologic processes, followed by additional changes in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle. </jats:p

Evolution of a Coupled Marine Ice Sheet–Sea Level Model

We investigate the stability of marine ice sheets by coupling a gravitationally self-consistent sea level model valid for a self-gravitating, viscoelastically deforming Earth to a 1-D marine ice sheet-shelf model. The evolution of the coupled model is explored for a suite of simulations in which we vary the bed slope and the forcing that initiates retreat. We find that the sea level fall at the grounding line associated with a retreating ice sheet acts to slow the retreat; in simulations with shallow reversed bed slopes and/or small external forcing, the drop in sea level can be sufficient to halt the retreat. The rate of sea level change at the grounding line has an elastic component due to ongoing changes in ice sheet geometry, and a viscous component due to past ice and ocean load changes. When the ice sheet model is forced from steady state, on short timescales (<∼500 years), viscous effects may be ignored and grounding-line migration at a given time will depend on the local bedrock topography and on contemporaneous sea level changes driven by ongoing ice sheet mass flux. On longer timescales, an accurate assessment of the present stability of a marine ice sheet requires knowledge of its past evolution.Earth and Planetary Science

Ice Sheet Sources of Sea Level Rise and Freshwater Discharge During the Last Deglaciation

We review and synthesize the geologic record that constrains the sources of sea level rise and freshwater discharge to the global oceans associated with retreat of ice sheets during the last deglaciation. The Last Glacial Maximum (~26–19 ka) was terminated by a rapid 5–10 m sea level rise at 19.0–19.5 ka, sourced largely from Northern Hemisphere ice sheet retreat in response to high northern latitude insolation forcing. Sea level rise of 8–20 m from ~19 to 14.5 ka can be attributed to continued retreat of the Laurentide and Eurasian Ice Sheets, with an additional freshwater forcing of uncertain amount delivered by Heinrich event 1. The source of the abrupt acceleration in sea level rise at ~14.6 ka (meltwater pulse 1A, ~14–15 m) includes contributions of 6.5–10 m from Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, of which 2–7 m represents an excess contribution above that derived from ongoing ice sheet retreat. Widespread retreat of Antarctic ice sheets began at 14.0–15.0 ka, which, together with geophysical modeling of far-field sea level records, suggests an Antarctic contribution to this meltwater pulse as well. The cause of the subsequent Younger Dryas cold event can be attributed to eastward freshwater runoff from the Lake Agassiz basin to the St. Lawrence estuary that agrees with existing Lake Agassiz outlet radiocarbon dates. Much of the early Holocene sea level rise can be explained by Laurentide and Scandinavian Ice Sheet retreat, with collapse of Laurentide ice over Hudson Bay and drainage of Lake Agassiz basin runoff at ~8.4–8.2 ka to the Labrador Sea causing the 8.2 ka event.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/rg/

Impact of floods versus routing events on the thermohaline circulation

The last deglaciation was interrupted by three major cooling events, the Younger Dryas, the Preboreal Oscillation and the 8.2-ka cold event. As the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated, different outlets from Lake Agassiz became available causing the proglacial lake to drain to a new level in a rather short timescale (flood) and divert continental runoff over hundreds of years (routing). Here we use an Earth System Model to investigate the impact of floods (short term, high amplitude) versus routing events (long term, low amplitude) on the thermohaline circulation and the resulting climate change. We show that the initial outbursts of freshwater are not strong enough to influence large-scale climate and can therefore not be the cause of millennial-scale climate variability. However, routing events have the potential of weakening the thermohaline circulation and therefore causing a cool event in the Northern Hemisphere

Assessing population exposure to coastal flooding due to sea level rise

The exposure of populations to sea-level rise (SLR) is a leading indicator assessing the impact of future climate change on coastal regions. SLR exposes coastal populations to a spectrum of impacts with broad spatial and temporal heterogeneity, but exposure assessments often narrowly define the spatial zone of flooding. Here we show how choice of zone results in differential exposure estimates across space and time. Further, we apply a spatio-temporal flood-modeling approach that integrates across these spatial zones to assess the annual probability of population exposure. We apply our model to the coastal United States to demonstrate a more robust assessment of population exposure to flooding from SLR in any given year. Our results suggest that more explicit decisions regarding spatial zone (and associated temporal implication) will improve adaptation planning and policies by indicating the relative chance and magnitude of coastal populations to be affected by future SLR.PRIFPRI3; ISIDSG