Transportation economics of coal resources of northern slope coal fields, Alaska

This paper describes the Northern coal fields, the environment in which they are situated, and various routes and systems for transporting metallurgical qua1ity coal from these deposits to a potential market in Japan. Each transportation mode is discussed with respect to northern Alaska conditions. Capitol and operating costs were developed for each system. If the coal must support the entire transportation system cost, the transportation of coal from the North Slope of Alaska to Japan appears to be economically feasible only from easily mined areas which are close to an ocean shipping port. In the case of transportation cost sharing by other users, or by government subsidization, the prospects of northern coal exploitation would be enhanced. The final feasibility of developing any of this coal deposit cannot be determined until the mining costs and the factors which influence these costs are known

High-temperature Hydrogen Chloride Releases from Mixtures of Sodium Chloride with Sulfates: Implications for the Chlorine-Mineralogy as Determined by the Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument on the Curiosity Rover in Gale Crater, Mars

Hydrogen chloride releases above 500 C occurred in several samples analyzed by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) evolved gas analyzer on the Curiosity rover in Gale crater. These have been attributed to reactions between chlorides (original or from oxychlorine decomposition) and water. Some of these HCl releases that peaked below the melting temperature of common chlorides did not co-evolve with oxygen or water, and were not explained by laboratory analog work (Figure 1). Therefore, these HCl releases were not caused by MgCl2 or soley due to reactions between water and melting chlorides. The goal of this work was to explain the HCl releases that did not co-evolve with oxygen or water and occurred below the melting point of common chlorides, which have not been explained by previous laboratory analog work. This work specifically evaluates the role of evolved SO2 in the production of HCl

Social tipping points and Earth systems dynamics

Recently, Early Warning Signals (EWS) have been developed to predict tipping points in Earth Systems. This discussion highlights the potential to apply EWS to human social and economic systems, which may also undergo similar critical transitions. Social tipping points are particularly difficult to predict, however, and the current formulation of EWS, based on a physical system analogy, may be insufficient. As an alternative set of EWS for social systems, we join with other authors encouraging a focus on heterogeneity, connectivity through social networks and individual thresholds to change

The design, construction and performance of the MICE scintillating fibre trackers

This is the Pre-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2011 ElsevierCharged-particle tracking in the international Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE) will be performed using two solenoidal spectrometers, each instrumented with a tracking detector based on diameter scintillating fibres. The design and construction of the trackers is described along with the quality-assurance procedures, photon-detection system, readout electronics, reconstruction and simulation software and the data-acquisition system. Finally, the performance of the MICE tracker, determined using cosmic rays, is presented.This work was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council under grant numbers PP/E003214/1, PP/E000479/1, PP/E000509/1, PP/E000444/1, and through SLAs with STFC-supported laboratories. This work was also supportedby the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, which is operated by the Fermi Research Alliance, under contract No. DE-AC02-76CH03000 with the U.S. Department of Energy, and by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants PHY-0301737,PHY-0521313, PHY-0758173 and PHY-0630052. The authors also acknowledge the support of the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan

Women, men and coronary heart disease: a review of the qualitative literature

Aim. This paper presents a review of the qualitative literature which examines the experiences of patients with coronary heart disease. The paper also assesses whether the experiences of both female and male patients are reflected in the literature and summarizes key themes. Background. Understanding patients' experiences of their illness is important for coronary heart disease prevention and education. Qualitative methods are particularly suited to eliciting patients' detailed understandings and perceptions of illness. As much previous research has been 'gender neutral', this review pays particular attention to gender. Methods. Published papers from 60 qualitative studies were identified for the review through searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PREMEDLINE, PsychINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index and Web of Science using keywords related to coronary heart disease. Findings. Early qualitative studies of patients with coronary heart disease were conducted almost exclusively with men, and tended to generalize from 'male' experience to 'human' experience. By the late 1990s this pattern had changed, with the majority of studies including women and many being conducted with solely female samples. However, many studies that include both male and female coronary heart disease patients still do not have a specific gender focus. Key themes in the literature include interpreting symptoms and seeking help, belief about coronary 'candidates' and relationships with health professionals. The influence of social roles is important: many female patients have difficulties reconciling family responsibilities and medical advice, while male patients worry about being absent from work. Conclusions. There is a need for studies that compare the experiences of men and women. There is also an urgent need for work that takes masculinity and gender roles into account when exploring the experiences of men with coronary heart disease

Temporal, Situational and Interactional Features of Women’s Violent Conflicts

This article examines contextual and situational influences on the processural development of women\u27s violent conflicts. Through close analysis of 3 women\u27s accounts of their disputes and associated violent behaviours, we provide a rich description of how such events evolved over time and how the interviewees managed this process. Drawing upon both criminological and feminist theories, our analysis highlights existing gaps in the literature, providing an exploratory discussion of the interaction of gender with situational elements and the production of assaultive events

New hadrons as ultra-high energy cosmic rays

Ultra-high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) protons produced by uniformly distributed astrophysical sources contradict the energy spectrum measured by both the AGASA and HiRes experiments, assuming the small scale clustering of UHECR observed by AGASA is caused by point-like sources. In that case, the small number of sources leads to a sharp exponential cutoff at the energy E<10^{20} eV in the UHECR spectrum. New hadrons with mass 1.5-3 GeV can solve this cutoff problem. For the first time we discuss the production of such hadrons in proton collisions with infrared/optical photons in astrophysical sources. This production mechanism, in contrast to proton-proton collisions, requires the acceleration of protons only to energies E<10^{21} eV. The diffuse gamma-ray and neutrino fluxes in this model obey all existing experimental limits. We predict large UHE neutrino fluxes well above the sensitivity of the next generation of high-energy neutrino experiments. As an example we study hadrons containing a light bottom squark. These models can be tested by accelerator experiments, UHECR observatories and neutrino telescopes.Comment: 17 pages, revtex style; v2: shortened, as to appear in PR

Dust Devil Tracks

Dust devils that leave dark- or light-toned tracks are common on Mars and they can also be found on the Earth’s surface. Dust devil tracks (hereinafter DDTs) are ephemeral surface features with mostly sub-annual lifetimes. Regarding their size, DDT widths can range between ∼1 m and ∼1 km, depending on the diameter of dust devil that created the track, and DDT lengths range from a few tens of meters to several kilometers, limited by the duration and horizontal ground speed of dust devils. DDTs can be classified into three main types based on their morphology and albedo in contrast to their surroundings; all are found on both planets: (a) dark continuous DDTs, (b) dark cycloidal DDTs, and (c) bright DDTs. Dark continuous DDTs are the most common type on Mars. They are characterized by their relatively homogenous and continuous low albedo surface tracks. Based on terrestrial and martian in situ studies, these DDTs most likely form when surficial dust layers are removed to expose larger-grained substrate material (coarse sands of ≥500 μm in diameter). The exposure of larger-grained materials changes the photometric properties of the surface; hence leading to lower albedo tracks because grain size is photometrically inversely proportional to the surface reflectance. However, although not observed so far, compositional differences (i.e., color differences) might also lead to albedo contrasts when dust is removed to expose substrate materials with mineralogical differences. For dark continuous DDTs, albedo drop measurements are around 2.5 % in the wavelength range of 550–850 nm on Mars and around 0.5 % in the wavelength range from 300–1100 nm on Earth. The removal of an equivalent layer thickness around 1 μm is sufficient for the formation of visible dark continuous DDTs on Mars and Earth. The next type of DDTs, dark cycloidal DDTs, are characterized by their low albedo pattern of overlapping scallops. Terrestrial in situ studies imply that they are formed when sand-sized material that is eroded from the outer vortex area of a dust devil is redeposited in annular patterns in the central vortex region. This type of DDT can also be found in on Mars in orbital image data, and although in situ studies are lacking, terrestrial analog studies, laboratory work, and numerical modeling suggest they have the same formation mechanism as those on Earth. Finally, bright DDTs are characterized by their continuous track pattern and high albedo compared to their undisturbed surroundings. They are found on both planets, but to date they have only been analyzed in situ on Earth. Here, the destruction of aggregates of dust, silt and sand by dust devils leads to smooth surfaces in contrast to the undisturbed rough surfaces surrounding the track. The resulting change in photometric properties occurs because the smoother surfaces have a higher reflectance compared to the surrounding rough surface, leading to bright DDTs. On Mars, the destruction of surficial dust-aggregates may also lead to bright DDTs. However, higher reflective surfaces may be produced by other formation mechanisms, such as dust compaction by passing dust devils, as this may also cause changes in photometric properties. On Mars, DDTs in general are found at all elevations and on a global scale, except on the permanent polar caps. DDT maximum areal densities occur during spring and summer in both hemispheres produced by an increase in dust devil activity caused by maximum insolation. Regionally, dust devil densities vary spatially likely controlled by changes in dust cover thicknesses and substrate materials. This variability makes it difficult to infer dust devil activity from DDT frequencies. Furthermore, only a fraction of dust devils leave tracks. However, DDTs can be used as proxies for dust devil lifetimes and wind directions and speeds, and they can also be used to predict lander or rover solar panel clearing events. Overall, the high DDT frequency in many areas on Mars leads to drastic albedo changes that affect large-scale weather patterns

Triangulation network of 1929-1944 of the first 1:500 urban map of València

[EN] Triangulation is a surveying method on which earlier maps made were based. Although the origins of the method can be traced back to the 16th century, it is still used today, with minor changes, to adjust networks observed with modern geodetic techniques. In this paper we present the geodetic survey work that was carried out for the primary triangulation network of the first 1:500 urban map of the city of València (Spain). It spanned from 1929 to 1944 and resulted in 421 maps covering about 174 square kilometres. We focus on four key elements to define the geometric framework of a map: (1) the geodetic network, (2) the cartographic projection, (3) the baseline measurements, and (4) the primary triangulation. The paper is based on the interpretation of original documents and field books recovered from the archives of the València City Council. In order to check the accuracy and consistency of the survey work, we recomputed all calculations directly from the field data, following the mathematical procedures of the time. We obtained a set of transformation parameters to convert the coordinates of 1929 to current coordinates based on the European Terrestrial Reference System of 1989 (ETRS89). Results showed that the 1929 primary triangulation angles and coordinates are accurate to 8 s of arc and 35 cm respectively, and that the coordinates transform well into the current reference system with average residuals of 26 cm across nine control points, demonstrating the high quality of the 1929 work.Villar-Cano, M.; Marqués-Mateu, Á.; Jiménez-Martínez, MJ. (2020). Triangulation network of 1929-1944 of the first 1:500 urban map of València. Survey Review (Online). 52(373):317-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396265.2018.1564599S31732952373Bitelli, G., Cremonini, S., & Gatta, G. (2014). Cartographic heritage: Toward unconventional methods for quantitative analysis of pre-geodetic maps. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15(2), 183-195. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2013.04.003Blachut, T. J., Chrzanowski, A., & Saastamoinen, J. H. (1979). Urban Surveying and Mapping. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6145-2Brinker, R. C., & Minnick, R. (Eds.). (1987). The Surveying Handbook. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1188-2Gatta, G. 2010. Valorizzazione di cartografia storica attraverso moderne tecniche geomatiche: recupero metrico, elaborazione e consultazione in ambiente digitale [Valuation of historic cartography using modern geomatics techniques: metric recovering, making and use in digital environment]. Doctoral thesis. Bologna: Universitá di Bologna. 295 pages. (In Italian).Gorse, C., Johnston, D., & Pritchard, M. (2012). A Dictionary of Construction, Surveying and Civil Engineering. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199534463.001.0001Hotine, M. (1939). THE RE-TRIANGULATION OF GREAT BRITAIN IV—BASE MEASUREMENT. Empire Survey Review, 5(34), 211-225. doi:10.1179/sre.1939.5.34.211Kahmen, H., & Faig, W. (1988). Surveying. doi:10.1515/9783110845716Leick, A., Rapoport, L., & Tatarnikov, D. (2015). GPS Satellite Surveying. doi:10.1002/9781119018612Murdin, P. (2009). Full Meridian of Glory. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-75534-2Schofield, W., & Breach, M. (2007). Engineering Surveying. doi:10.1201/b12847Seeber, G. (2003). Satellite Geodesy. doi:10.1515/9783110200089Snyder, J. P. (1987). Map projections: A working manual. Professional Paper. doi:10.3133/pp139