Analysis of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of apple peel and pulp and their respective flours

A maçã é um dos frutos mais apreciados no mundo e consolidado mundialmente. De acordo com a Associação Brasileira de Produtores de maçã (ABPM), a produção brasileira concentra-se, principalmente, nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná, correspondendo a 99% da produção total. Dos frutos produzidos, grande parte são consumidos in natura e na produção de sucos, gerando resíduos agroindustriais. O estudo teve por objetivo quantificar o teor de compostos fenólicos e potencial antioxidante de casca e polpa de maçã in natura e de suas farinhas. Os resultados do teor de fenólicos mostraram que tanto a farinha da casca (1751,38mgGAE/100g) como a farinha da polpa (308,52mgGAE/100g) apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação ao fruto in natura. Pelo método DPPH (IC50), apresentaram-se menores valores as amostras de farinhas de casca e da polpa de maçã em relação a in natura, porem, ambas as amostras avaliadas, obtiveram atividade antioxidante, mostrando a viabilidade do aproveitamento como ingrediente enriquecedor. Palavras-chave: Maçã, Compostos fenólicos, Atividade Antioxidante.ABSTRACT The apple is one of the most appreciated fruits in the world and consolidated worldwide. According to the Brazilian Association of Apple Producers (ABPM), Brazilian production is mainly concentrated in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná, corresponding to 99% of the total production. Of the fruits produced, most are consumed in natura and in the production of juices, generating agroindustrial residues. The objective of this study was to quantify the content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant potential of peel and apple pulp in natura and their flours. The results of the phenolic content showed that both the bark meal (1751,38mgGAE / 100g) and the pulp flour (308,52mgGAE / 100g) presented significant differences in relation to the fruit in natura. By the DPPH method (IC 50), the values ​​of the shell and apple pulp samples were lower in relation to in natura, but both evaluated samples obtained antioxidant activity, showing the viability of the use as an enriching ingredient. Keywords: Apple, Phenolic compounds, Antioxidant activity

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment: A Comparison of the Framingham, PROCAM, and DAD Equations in HIV-Infected Persons

This study aims to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to assess the agreement between the Framingham, Framingham with aggravating factors, PROCAM, and DAD equations in HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an outpatient centre in Brazil. 294 patients older than 19 years were enrolled. Estimates of 10-year cardiovascular risk were calculated. The agreement between the CVD risk equations was assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient. The participants' mean age was 36.8 years (SD = 10.3), 76.9% were men, and 66.3% were on antiretroviral therapy. 47.8% of the participants had abdominal obesity, 23.1% were current smokers, 20.0% had hypertension, and 2.0% had diabetes. At least one lipid abnormality was detected in 72.8%, and a low HDL-C level was the most common. The majority were classified as having low risk for CV events. The percentage of patients at high risk ranged from 0.4 to 5.7. The PROCAM score placed the lowest proportion of the patients into a high-risk group, and the Framingham equation with aggravating factors placed the highest proportion of patients into the high-risk group. Data concerning the comparability of different tools are informative for estimating the risk of CVD, but accuracy of the outcome predictions should also be considered

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy, measured to different measures, in HIV/AIDS patients in a university hospital in Goiânia

Submitted by Erika Demachki ([email protected]) on 2014-10-06T15:24:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Clarissa Alencar de Sousa - 2011.pdf: 2102130 bytes, checksum: 6bb83ef788c784420e40b39ebf41b26e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2014-10-06T15:49:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Clarissa Alencar de Sousa - 2011.pdf: 2102130 bytes, checksum: 6bb83ef788c784420e40b39ebf41b26e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-06T15:49:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Clarissa Alencar de Sousa - 2011.pdf: 2102130 bytes, checksum: 6bb83ef788c784420e40b39ebf41b26e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-11Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPqIntroduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) changed aids morbidity and mortality profile, decreasing opportunist diseases and deaths. However, adherence is determinant to ensure long-term benefits. This study aims to compare three measures of adherence to HAART and to estimate frequency and related factors of this event. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted among 249 adults, receiving HAART in a public referral center (Hospital das Clínicas/UFG), in Goiás, from 2009 through 2010. Three measures of adherence were investigated 1) Patients who scored > 75 points at the Questionnaire CEAT-VIH (Remor E et al, 2007) were considered adherent. 2) Patients who reported taking more than 95% of the prescribed antiretroviral pills in the past 7 days were considered adherent. 3) Pharmacy refill records measure. Considered adherent those withdrew antiretroviral drugs at the correct time. The prevalence of non adherence and its 95.0% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Agreement between measures of adherence was assessed using Kappa test. To evaluate the reliability of the measures, undetectable HIV viral load was considered the gold standard. Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS (13.0) P 8 years of schooling and 61.4% were taking AZT, 3TC and EFV. The prevalence of no adherence, considering missing doses in previous 7 days, was 27.2% (CI95% 17.3 -31.2). According to questionnaire CEAT-VIH, 51.0% (CI95% 49.5 – 52.5) had low/insufficient adherence. According to pharmacy refill records 37.4% (CI95% 35.0 – 39.8) were no adherent. There was a low grade of agreement between the three measures used to evaluate adherence (kappa 75 pontos; 2) Autorrelato do percentual de doses perdidas, sendo classificados como aderentes os pacientes que utilizaram ≥ 95% das doses, nos últimos 7 dias; 3) Registro de dispensação de TARV, sendo classificados como aderentes quem retirou as drogas na data correta. Estimaram-se as prevalências de não adesão e os respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%). Investigou-se a concordância (Kappa) entre instrumentos. Na avaliação da acurácia dos testes diagnósticos, utilizou-se, como padrão-ouro, o resultado da carga viral. Utilizou-se o programa SPSS (13.0) para análise estatística. Nível de significância, p 8 anos de escolaridade e 61,4% usavam AZT, 3TC e EFV. A prevalência de não adesão, considerando o número de doses perdidas, foi de 27,2% (IC95% 17,3 - 31,2). Utilizando-se o CEAT-VIH, 51,0% dos pacientes (IC95% 49,5 - 52,5) tiveram adesão baixa/insuficiente. De acordo com registros da farmácia 37,4% (IC95% 35,0 – 39,8) foram não aderentes. Houve baixa concordância entre os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar adesão (kappa< 0.40) A adesão mensurada pelos diferentes métodos esteve associada à carga viral indetectável. O uso de álcool esteve associado a não adesão quando mensurada pelo autorrelato da perda de doses e pelo registro da perda de doses. Conclusão: Os instrumentos utilizados evidenciaram associação entre adesão adequada e boa resposta virológica. A prevalência de não adesão variou de acordo com o instrumento utilizado e foi alta, sobretudo, considerando que a maioria dos pacientes estava em uso de esquema terapêutico de baixa complexidade e boa tolerabilidade

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data