Uso e qualidade da água subterrânea para irrigação no semi-árido piauiense Use and quality of groundwater for irrigation in semi-arid region of the Piauí State, Brazil

A região semi-árida do Estado do Piauí é caracterizada por baixa intensidade pluviométrica e elevadas taxas de evapotranspiração. Porém a reserva de água subterrânea torna possível o desenvolvimento de atividades antrópicas, potencializada, na maioria dos casos, pelas características hidrogeológicas do subsolo, que permitem explotações de alta vazão de água com boa qualidade; todavia, alguns poços atingem formações de baixa vazão e qualidade de água com concentração de sais elevada e que, se utilizada para irrigação, pode ocasionar a salinização e a sodificação dos solos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se caracterizar as formas de uso e a qualidade das águas subterrâneas em parte da região semi-árida do Piauí, visando ao seu uso para irrigação. Coletaram-se amostras em 225 poços distribuídos espacialmente, nas quais foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: condutividade elétrica, sódio, cálcio, magnésio, relação de adsorção de sódio, carbonato, bicarbonato, cloreto e sulfato. Em relação ao uso da água, predominou o uso doméstico (53,61%), seguido pela irrigação (21,17%), com os seguintes métodos: gotejamento (14,03%); microaspersão (3,83%); aspersão convencional (16,11%); canhão e autopropelido (13,66%); superfície (16,76%) e outros métodos artesanais (35,52%). Os mapas de classes de risco de uso para irrigação, gerados a partir da qualidade da água subterrânea, evidenciam a ocorrência de sub-áreas com as seguintes classes: nenhuma restrição, moderada restrição e severa restrição.<br>The semi-arid region in the State of Piauí, Brazil, is characterized by low rain fall and high evapotranspiration. However, the groundwater reserves make possible the economic development by underground hydrogeology characteristics, which allow extractions of high water flow with good quality, in most of the cases. However, some wells reached formations that have low discharge and water with high salt concentration, which if used for irrigation may cause salinization and sodification. The main goal of this work was to characterize the different uses and quality of groundwater in a part of the semi-arid area of Piauí, with a view to its use for irrigation. Samples were collected in 225 wells distributed spatially in the area, in which the following variables were analyzed: electrical conductivity, Na, Ca, Mg, SAR, CO3, HCO3, Cl and SO4. Regarding water use, the domestic use prevailed (53.61%), followed by irrigation (21.17%), with the following irrigation methods: drip irrigation (14.03%); microsprinkler (3.83%); conventional sprinkler (16.11%); gun sprinkler and traveler irrigation machine (13.66%); surface irrigation (16.76%) and other handmade methods (35.52%). The maps of classes of use risk irrigation generated from groundwater quality showed the occurrence of sub-areas with the following classes: no restriction, moderate restriction and severe restriction

O ensino de Antropologia da Saúde na graduação: uma experiência Teaching medical Anthropology to undergraduate students: an experience

Esse texto apresenta uma reflexão sobre o ensino de antropologia na formação de profissionais da saúde a partir da experiência de ministrar uma disciplina em Antropologia da Saúde em nível de graduação na Universidade Federal de São Carlos, em que é parte da grade curricular dos cursos de saúde, estando a cargo do Departamento de Ciências Sociais. A disciplina busca apresentar a teoria e a pesquisa em antropologia e propõe debater pesquisas sobre fenômenos da saúde em antropologia, de modo a melhor introduzir a pesquisa antropológica e, principalmente, a promover uma reflexão sobre a diferença cultural e o exercício profissional em saúde. Essa experiência suscita questões sobre a importância das ciências sociais e humanas, em especial a antropologia, para a formação desses profissionais, e sobre sua aceitação por parte deles, tendo em vista promover uma reflexão no modo como percebem sua própria prática profissional. Discute-se aqui, a partir de uma proposta de programa de curso que tem sido posta em prática há alguns anos, os debates possíveis entre ciências humanas e saúde na graduação e seu impacto na formação de profissionais de saúde.<br>In this paper we develop a reflection on teaching anthropology to health professionals based on the experience of teaching Medical Anthropology to undergraduate students at Universidade Federal de São Carlos (Federal University of São Carlos). The discipline of Medical Anthropology aims to introduce theory and research in Anthropology, and proposes to debate research into health phenomena in anthropology, so as to better introduce anthropological research and, mainly, promote a reflection on cultural differences and professional exercise in the area of health. This experience raises issues concerning the value of social and human sciences, especially anthropology, in the education of those professionals, as well as their acceptance or rejection of these sciences, in order to promote a reflection on the way they perceive their own professional practice. Based on a course that has been taught for some years, we discuss the debates we can propose between the social sciences and the field of health, and their impact on the education of those specialists

Risk of adverse outcomes in offspring with RT-PCR confirmed prenatal Zika virus exposure: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 13 cohorts in the Zika Brazilian Cohorts ConsortiumResearch in context

Summary: Background: Knowledge regarding the risks associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in pregnancy has relied on individual studies with relatively small sample sizes and variable risk estimates of adverse outcomes, or on surveillance or routinely collected data. Using data from the Zika Brazilian Cohorts Consortium, this study aims, to estimate the risk of adverse outcomes among offspring of women with RT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection during pregnancy and to explore heterogeneity between studies. Methods: We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis of the offspring of 1548 pregnant women from 13 studies, using one and two-stage meta-analyses to estimate the absolute risks. Findings: Of the 1548 ZIKV-exposed pregnancies, the risk of miscarriage was 0.9%, while the risk of stillbirth was 0.3%. Among the pregnancies with liveborn children, the risk of prematurity was 10,5%, the risk of low birth weight was 7.7, and the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) was 16.2%. For other abnormalities, the absolute risks were: 2.6% for microcephaly at birth or first evaluation, 4.0% for microcephaly at any time during follow-up, 7.9% for neuroimaging abnormalities, 18.7% for functional neurological abnormalities, 4.0% for ophthalmic abnormalities, 6.4% for auditory abnormalities, 0.6% for arthrogryposis, and 1.5% for dysphagia. This risk was similar in all sites studied and in different socioeconomic conditions, indicating that there are not likely to be other factors modifying this association. Interpretation: This study based on prospectively collected data generates the most robust evidence to date on the risks of congenital ZIKV infections over the early life course. Overall, approximately one-third of liveborn children with prenatal ZIKV exposure presented with at least one abnormality compatible with congenital infection, while the risk to present with at least two abnormalities in combination was less than 1.0%. Funding: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - Brazil (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq); Wellcome Trust and the United Kingdom's Department for International Development; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program; Medical Research Council on behalf of the Newton Fund and Wellcome Trust; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Foundation Christophe et Rodolphe Mérieux; Coordination for the improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Capes); Ministry of Health of Brazil; Brazilian Department of Science and Technology; Foundation of Research Support of the State of São Paulo (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP); Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ); Foundation of Support for Research and Scientific and Technological Development of Maranhão; Evandro Chagas Institute/Brazilian Ministry of Health (Instituto Evandro Chagas/Ministério da Saúde); Foundation of Research Support of the State of Goiás (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás – FAPEG); Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – FAPERGS); Foundation to Support Teaching, Research and Assistance at Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (Fundação de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assistência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto); São Paulo State Department of Health (Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo); Support Foundation of Pernambuco Science and Technology (Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco – FACEPE)

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

The value of open-source clinical science in pandemic response: lessons from ISARIC

International audienc