Hats On, Hats Off

Manners, morals and codes of conduct, Clive Aslet observes in his social satire, Anyone for England?, have been ‘privatized’ and modern man ‘has never been more on his own’. Hats are now no longer part of a generally accepted code: as we no longer wear them as a matter of course their former significance is difficult to appreciate. But the fact that they were once so central to daily life, and for men so bound up with status and class, makes these ‘significant trifles’, as novelist John Galsworthy said, a key to the ‘whole’, a way into the life of the past. In this article I draw on visual sources, as well as novels, memoirs, autobiographies and advice manuals, beginning around 1780 - when the size and significance of hats began to grow - focusing particularly on the last half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the heyday of the hat.

The Effect of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Mitochondrial Respiratory Sensitivity to ADP in Human Skeletal Muscle

ADP/ATP is believed to either diffuse slowly between mitochondria and the cytosol or be substituted with fast diffusing creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) ‘phosphate shuttling’ catalyzed by mitochondrial creatine kinase. Previous studies assessing Cr-dependent and independent ADP-stimulated respiratory kinetics showed acute exercise had no effect or impairment on ADP/ATP diffusion but promoted phosphate shuttling. Conversely, chronic exercise impaired both models of energy exchange. In an attempt to reconcile these seemingly diverse findings, we employed a longitudinal study design to assess the acute and chronic effects of exercise on energy exchange in human skeletal muscle when modeling in vivo PCr/Cr conditions in vitro. Our findings demonstrate an impairment in energy exchange when modeling in vivo concentrations of PCr/Cr found during high intensity exercise, despite an increase in mitochondrial content. These results contradict classical models of endurance exercise adaptations which hypothesize that greater oxidative capacity coincides with improved energy exchange

Developing generic criteria and standards for assessment in law: processes and (by)products

This paper reports the outcomes of a School of Law project undertaken in response to issues arising during the implementation of an institutional criterion- referenced assessment policy. The project involved the development of a set of generic assessment criteria and standards, or rubric, which could be customized to the requirements of individual law subjects. Of significance are the key decisions that shaped the generic resource and additional outcomes or byproducts of the project which include the professional learning experienced by individual members of the project working party and the identification of mutually reinforcing relationships between criterion-referenced assessment practice and other institutional policies and priorities. The paper concludes that analysis of project processes can produce findings whose value and significance are of equal interest to those resulting from implementation studies

Electromagnetically induced transparency in a V-system with 87Rb vapor in the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime

We observe electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a V-system in a thermal rubidium-87 vapour in the hyperfine Paschen-Back regime, realised with a 0.6 T axial magnetic field. In this regime energy levels are no longer degenerate and EIT features from different initial states are distinct, which we show produces a much cleaner feature than without a magnetic field. We compare our results to a model using the time-dependent Lindblad master equation, and having averaged over a distribution of interaction times, see good qualitative agreement for a range of pump Rabi frequencies. Excited state decay into both ground states is shown to play a prominent role in the generation of the transparency feature, which arises mainly due to transfer of population into the ground state not coupled by the probe beam. We use the model to investigate the importance of coherence in this feature, showing that its contribution is more significant at smaller pump Rabi frequencies

Advancing Behavioural Genomics by Considering Timescale

Animal behavioural traits often covary with gene expression, pointing towards a genomic constraint on organismal responses to environmental cues. This pattern highlights a gap in our understanding of the time course of environmentally responsive gene expression, and moreover, how these dynamics are regulated. Advances in behavioural genomics explore how gene expression dynamics are correlated with behavioural traits that range from stable to highly labile. We consider the idea that certain genomic regulatory mechanisms may predict the timescale of an environmental effect on behaviour. This temporally minded approach could inform both organismal and evolutionary questions ranging from the remediation of early life social trauma to understanding the evolution of trait plasticity

Which Triggers Produce the Most Erosive, Frequent, and Longest Runout Turbidity Currents on Deltas?

Subaerial rivers and turbidity currents are the two most voluminous sediment transport processes on our planet, and it is important to understand how they are linked offshore from river mouths. Previously, it was thought that slope failures or direct plunging of river floodwater (hyperpycnal flow) dominated the triggering of turbidity currents on delta fronts. Here we reanalyze the most detailed time‐lapse monitoring yet of a submerged delta; comprising 93 surveys of the Squamish Delta in British Columbia, Canada. We show that most turbidity currents are triggered by settling of sediment from dilute surface river plumes, rather than landslides or hyperpycnal flows. Turbidity currents triggered by settling plumes occur frequently, run out as far as landslide‐triggered events, and cause the greatest changes to delta and lobe morphology. For the first time, we show that settling from surface plumes can dominate the triggering of hazardous submarine flows and offshore sediment fluxes

Preconditioning and triggering of offshore slope failures and turbidity currents revealed by most detailed monitoring yet at a fjord-head delta

Rivers and turbidity currents are the two most important sediment transport processes by volume on Earth. Various hypotheses have been proposed for triggering of turbidity currents offshore from river mouths, including direct plunging of river discharge, delta mouth bar flushing or slope failure caused by low tides and gas expansion, earthquakes and rapid sedimentation. During 2011, 106 turbidity currents were monitored at Squamish Delta, British Columbia. This enables statistical analysis of timing, frequency and triggers. The largest peaks in river discharge did not create hyperpycnal flows. Instead, delayed delta-lip failures occurred 8–11 h after flood peaks, due to cumulative delta top sedimentation and tidally-induced pore pressure changes. Elevated river discharge is thus a significant control on the timing and rate of turbidity currents but not directly due to plunging river water. Elevated river discharge and focusing of river discharge at low tides cause increased sediment transport across the delta-lip, which is the most significant of all controls on flow timing in this setting

Toward an index of adaptive personality regulation.

The idea that matching personality expression with situational demands is adaptive is implicit in many accounts of personality. Numerous constructs and measures have been posited to address this or similar phenomena. Few have proven adequate. In response, we proposed and tested a novel measurement approach (the APR index) assessing real-time behavior to rate participants’ success in matching personality expression with situational demands, which we denote adaptive personality regulation. An experimental study (N = 88) and an observational study of comedians (N = 203) provided tests of whether the APR index constituted a useful metric of adaptive personality regulation. In both studies, the APR index showed robust psychometric properties; was statistically unique from mean-level personality, self-monitoring, and the general factor of personality expression; and provided incremental concurrent prediction of task/job performance. The results suggest that the APR index provides a useful metric for studying the phenomenon of successfully matching personality expression to situational demands.</p

Municipal Cultural Advisory Commissions: Public Model Local Arts Agencies In The United States

An exploratory study seeking baseline information about how small municipalities are integrating arts and culture into community planning efforts through the use of public model Local Arts Agencies. Utilizing review of government documents, surveys of municipal commissions and interviews, data collection resulted in a preliminary distinction of Municipal Cultural Advisory Commissions from the existent pool of Local Arts Agencies and defined characteristics of the new category.M.S., Arts Administration -- Drexel University, 201