Méthodes alternatives in vitro pour l’étude des interactions hôte-pathogène du poumon

Les maladies respiratoires, qu’elles touchent les animaux et/ou les hommes, ont un impact sanitaire et économique considérable sur notre société. Pouvoir mieux les contrôler, les traiter et les prédire, nécessite de pouvoir les étudier. Pour cela des modèles d’études pertinents, reproductibles, efficaces aisés d’utilisation, et alternatifs à l’expérimentation animale doivent être proposés. D’énormes progrès méthodologiques ont été réalisés ces dernières années avec l’émergence de modèles in vitro qui miment le poumon en reproduisant la diversité des types cellulaires, l’architecture du tissu et certaines de ses fonctionnalités (activité ciliaire, sécrétion). Cette revue présente les avancées dans la génération de ces modèles chez le bovin : les organoïdes, les cultures Air-liquide-interface (ALI) et les coupes fines de poumon (PCLS). Ils sont utilisés pour mieux décrire et comprendre les processus physiopathologiques induits par des infections (virus, bactérie, parasite) respiratoires et permettent de tester des approches prophylactiques ou curatives

"As a Frictionless Machine". The Market According to Walras: A Fiction Inherited from Classical Science

International audienceWhat is the epistemological status of the « theory of determination of prices under a hypothetical regime of perfect free competition » (Walras 1954 : 40)? The debate concerning the interpretation of tâtonnement in ancient (Bertrand 1883, Edgeworth 1889). Two interpretations prevail. According to the first one – followed by Patinkin, Morishima or Walker – Walras offers a description of the functioning of a real capitalist economy. The tâtonnement describes a dynamic and realist process which takes place on real markets. According to the other one – supported by Jaffé, Bridel or Rebeyrol – Walras proposes a “realist utopia”. Some commentators suggest that Walras may be inconsistent (Ingrao et Israel) or is condemned to give up any “pretence of realism” (Bridel and Huck).This opposition is an epistemological one. The descriptive-objective interpretation is based on empirism and assumes that theorization is an abstraction from experience. The normative-utopian is based on a rationalist epistemology. We propose a new epistemological hypothesis : the walrasian market is a rationalist fiction, as are the concepts of classical science built by Galileo and Descartes. It is neither an empirical concept – i.e. a concept abstracted from experience through induction – nor (or not only) a moral ideal: it offers an explanation of the functioning of real markets, as does the “frictionless machine” imagined by Galileo or the Cartesian hypothesis about the world’s formation. If it is well known that Walras has found inspiration in classical physics, it is less known that this physic is built upon fictions seen as the way to the knowledge. These fictions are neither simple abstractions nor utopias but thought experiences which allow to build an imaginary world necessary to understand the real world

Fictions rationalistes et fictions empiristes en économie

International audienc

Fictions rationalistes et fictions empiristes en économie

International audienc

Fictions rationalistes et fictions empiristes en économie

International audienc

Fictions rationalistes et fictions empiristes en économie

International audienceThe article shows how the general equilibrium theory has been build, since Walras, by inheriting Galileo’s and Descartes’s fictions of science, which Hobbes followed by the Physiocrats applied to the social world. The walrasian competitive market is a fiction similar to Galileo’s frictionless machine or to Descartes’s "fable" of the world. Those rationalist fictions can be criticized non from observation but through the empiricist fictions of the Enlightenment.L’article montre comment la théorie de l’équilibre général s’est construite, depuis Walras, en héritant des fictions de la science de Galilée et Descartes, que Hobbes puis les physiocrates importèrent dans le monde social. Le marché concurrentiel walrassien est une fiction analogue à la machine sans frottement de Galilée ou à la « fable » du monde de Descartes. Ces fictions rationalistes peuvent être contestées non par l’observation mais par les fictions alternatives de l’empirisme des Lumières

"As a Frictionless Machine". The Market According to Walras: A Fiction Inherited from Classical Science

International audienceWhat is the epistemological status of the « theory of determination of prices under a hypothetical regime of perfect free competition » (Walras 1954 : 40)? The debate concerning the interpretation of tâtonnement in ancient (Bertrand 1883, Edgeworth 1889). Two interpretations prevail. According to the first one – followed by Patinkin, Morishima or Walker – Walras offers a description of the functioning of a real capitalist economy. The tâtonnement describes a dynamic and realist process which takes place on real markets. According to the other one – supported by Jaffé, Bridel or Rebeyrol – Walras proposes a “realist utopia”. Some commentators suggest that Walras may be inconsistent (Ingrao et Israel) or is condemned to give up any “pretence of realism” (Bridel and Huck).This opposition is an epistemological one. The descriptive-objective interpretation is based on empirism and assumes that theorization is an abstraction from experience. The normative-utopian is based on a rationalist epistemology. We propose a new epistemological hypothesis : the walrasian market is a rationalist fiction, as are the concepts of classical science built by Galileo and Descartes. It is neither an empirical concept – i.e. a concept abstracted from experience through induction – nor (or not only) a moral ideal: it offers an explanation of the functioning of real markets, as does the “frictionless machine” imagined by Galileo or the Cartesian hypothesis about the world’s formation. If it is well known that Walras has found inspiration in classical physics, it is less known that this physic is built upon fictions seen as the way to the knowledge. These fictions are neither simple abstractions nor utopias but thought experiences which allow to build an imaginary world necessary to understand the real world

« "As a machine without friction". The market according to Walras: a fiction inherited from classical science »

International audienc

« "As a machine without friction". The market according to Walras: a fiction inherited from classical science »

International audienc

"As a Frictionless Machine". The Market According to Walras: A Fiction Inherited from Classical Science

International audienceWhat is the epistemological status of the « theory of determination of prices under a hypothetical regime of perfect free competition » (Walras 1954 : 40)? The debate concerning the interpretation of tâtonnement in ancient (Bertrand 1883, Edgeworth 1889). Two interpretations prevail. According to the first one – followed by Patinkin, Morishima or Walker – Walras offers a description of the functioning of a real capitalist economy. The tâtonnement describes a dynamic and realist process which takes place on real markets. According to the other one – supported by Jaffé, Bridel or Rebeyrol – Walras proposes a “realist utopia”. Some commentators suggest that Walras may be inconsistent (Ingrao et Israel) or is condemned to give up any “pretence of realism” (Bridel and Huck).This opposition is an epistemological one. The descriptive-objective interpretation is based on empirism and assumes that theorization is an abstraction from experience. The normative-utopian is based on a rationalist epistemology. We propose a new epistemological hypothesis : the walrasian market is a rationalist fiction, as are the concepts of classical science built by Galileo and Descartes. It is neither an empirical concept – i.e. a concept abstracted from experience through induction – nor (or not only) a moral ideal: it offers an explanation of the functioning of real markets, as does the “frictionless machine” imagined by Galileo or the Cartesian hypothesis about the world’s formation. If it is well known that Walras has found inspiration in classical physics, it is less known that this physic is built upon fictions seen as the way to the knowledge. These fictions are neither simple abstractions nor utopias but thought experiences which allow to build an imaginary world necessary to understand the real world