IT NECESSARY TO NORMALIZE JUMP TEST RESULTS TO ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS?

The purpose of the present study was to analyse the relationship of different normalization methods in the jump performance, obtained from a digital application (My Jump 2 ®). 189 young women made up the sample. Each of them had to perform three attempts of a bilateral countermovement jump (CMJ) in front of a mobile device. The jump height (JH) and power (P) were the main results, which were processed to normalize them. The JH was normalized to height (JH/H) and to leg length (JH/LL). P was normalized to body mass (RP), while force values were divided by the time of jump to get the Explosive Index of Strength (EIS). The results showed a good association and poor prediction between the variables JH and P, not so between JH and EIS, where no significant relationship was observed. However, a strong relationship was observed between JH / LL and RP (r = 0.801; r2 = 0.641; p KEYWORDS: Smartphone app, vertical jump, biomechanics

Anxiety and Emotional Intelligence: Comparisons Between Combat Sports, Gender and Levels Using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale and the Inventory of Situations and Anxiety Response.

The present study compared emotional intelligence and anxiety between six combat sports of lower, intermediate and high-level female and male athletes. The sample was composed by 444 athletes (age: 24.7 8.8 years, body mass: 72.4 12.1 kg, height: 1.82 0.3 m, and practice time: 13.1 7.4 years) separated by sex (male n = 273, female n = 171) from different combat sports (jiu-jitsu n = 142, judo n = 137, karate n = 57, kendo n = 63, taekwondo n = 25, and freestyle wrestling n = 20) of three levels (high-level n = 57, intermediate n = 137 and low-level n = 142). Inventory of situations and anxiety response (ISRA) provided an independent evaluation for the three systems: cognitive, motor and physiological, as well as a total with four factors of analysis (anxiety before the evaluation, interpersonal, phobic and before habitual, and daily situations). Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24) verified emotional intelligence scales. Descriptive results are demonstrated by percentage or median (first quartile Q1; third quartile Q3), Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were conducted to compare groups, p 0.05. The main results demonstrated 10% more total anxiety for wrestling and judo compared to the other groups (p 0.05). Female athletes showed 15% more anxiety than men, while emotional attention demonstrated 10% better results for women. Significant differences were observed between high- versus low-level athletes in the total anxiety with 85 (44; 143) versus 122 (69; 186) of ISRA index and emotional repair with 30 (25; 34) versus 27 (22; 32) of TMMS-24 index. Emotional intelligence seems to be higher in female and in higher level, while anxiety appears to be prevalent in judo and wrestling, low-level and in female athletes. These outcomes provide support for the hypothesis that emotional abilities are an important contributor to emotional intelligence, particularly differentiating high level athletes than other levels. Results can be incorporated into strategies for reducing anxiety and improving emotional intelligence, considering particularities of gender and level groups.post-print274 K

Análise psicofisiológica em simulação de combate competitivo de artes marciais mistas / Psychophysiological analysis in competitive combat simulation of mixed martial arts

Este estudo comparou o estado de humor e variáveis fisiológicas de combates de MMA, antes e depois de uma simulação de competição. A amostra foi composta por 10 atletas em 3 rounds consecutivos de lutas masculinas em medidas agudas pré e pós-combate. O estado de humor foi medido pelo questionário BRUMS, a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) foi medida pela escala de Borg (0-10). Foram verificadas pressão arterial diastólica e sistólica, frequência cardíaca, concentração de lactato, testosterona e cortisol. Todos os dados foram normais e comparados de maneira pareada pelo test t de Student, com p≤0,05. A comparação entre os valores pré e pós mostraram diferenças em tensão (7,1±6,43,6±3,8 pontos), pressão arterial sistólica (11,9±0,813,3±1,5 mmHg), frequência cardíaca (75±33152,7±63,6 bpm), concentração de lactato (2,5±1,010±1,8 u/L), PSE (0,9±13±1,1 pontos), cortisol (95,1±53,6125,0±59,4 ng/dL) e testosterona (3,4±0,44,4±0,4 ng/dL). Por sua vez, a análise de regressão mostrou que alterações no estado de humor dos atletas têm relação com a pressão arterial diastólica. A tensão e a fadiga dos atletas influenciaram a pressão arterial diastólica e, consequentemente, a vasodilatação o que pode desfavorecer o fornecimento de oxigênio para a realização das ações necessárias durante os treinamentos e combates de MMA

Specific probiotics in elite athlete injuries: indication for usage / Probiotics específicos em lesões de atletas elite: indicação de uso

More severe effects of illness that require probiotic intervention and complete cessation of training activities might have a larger effect on competitive sport performance. In this review, we outline key principles of prevention for injury and illness in high level athletes using probiotic treatments, examine relevant scientific evidence on probiotics for reducing the risk of illness and injury, and summarize practical recommendations for high level athletes, coaches, and practitioners. Studies were obtained through manual and electronic journal searches, review articles, as well as personal correspondence, concerning the period 2000-2018. We used the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Medline. Electronic databases were searched using keywords and/or MeSH terms such as [[[Athlete] or [Sport effects] or [Injuries] or [Disease] or [Allergy] or [Illness] or [Sickness] or [Desorder]] in combination with [[microbiota] or [microbiotas] or [Microbiome] or [microbiomes] or [Human Microbiome] or [Human microbiomes] or [microbiomes, Human] or [Microbiome, Human]] not [[disease]]], until February 18th, 2018. In this present review, we have outlined key points of injury and illness prevention for elite athletes using probiotic treatments, examining relevant scientific evidence on probiotics for reducing the risk of illness and injury, and summarized practical recommendations for high level athletes, coaches, and practitioners

State-trait anxiety and reduced emotional intelligence in combat sport athletes of different genders and competitive levels.

This study compared the emotional intelligence and state-trait anxiety between competitive level, gender and performance. For this, were measured 444 athletes (female n=171) from jiu-jitsu (n=142), judo (n=137), karate (n=57), kendo (n=63), taekwondo (n=25) and wrestling (n=20). We applied the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) and Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24). The results indicated that high-level female showed lower state anxiety than the low-level [14.0 (1.0; 36.0) vs. 20.0 (1.0; 58.0); p=0.03]. High-level showed lower values than intermediate (p=0.006) and lower-level (p=0.013). The 1st regression, the regulation dimension was the main variable to explain the level of competition for females (R2=0.046), in the 2nd model, the regulation dimension and state anxiety explained the level (R2=0.066). For males, trace anxiety explained the lower-level (R2=0.019). In conclusion, lower-level female athletes are more anxious than lower-males, but in the domains of emotional intelligence, higher-level female showed a higher comprehension and perception than higher- males.post-print317 K

High level performance in world judo circuit: Notational analyzes of combat phase by weight categories

This study analysed the time dedicated in the different phases of combat in all male weight divisions. For this, we analysed 548 combats. This time-motion analysis was performed through a previously-validated protocol. The main results indicated a significant effect for approach (p≤0.001), where the Half-Middleweight division showed a higher frequency vs. the others, except Half-heavyweight. For attack, Half-Lightweight showed a higher frequency versus Heavyweight (5.7±4.8 vs. 4.6±3.5 attempts; p=0.004). Extra-Lightweight showed a lower frequency of defences vs Half-Lightweight and Lightweight (2.2±2.6 vs. 3.8±3.2 vs. 4.4±3.7 attempts; (p≤0.047). Extra-Lightweight also showed a lower frequency of standing to ground transition vs. Half-Lightweight, Lightweight, and Half-Middleweight (p≤0.048). For groundwork, Middleweight showed a lower frequency of actions vs. the other divisions, except Heavyweight (p≤0.001). for the pause the Heavyweight division showed a lower frequency vs. Lightweight and Half-Middleweight (6.7±4.2 vs. 9.9±6.2 vs. 10.2±6.3 times; p≤0.019). In conclusion, our results can be applied to planning and prescribing specific training for the different weight divisions, taking into account the specific frequencies obtained in the combat phases. For lighter fighters, we recommend training focused on approach speed and gripping. For heavier weights, the training should be differentiated for muscle power development and groundwork combat

ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC INTER-LIMB ASYMMETRY IN BENCH PRESS EXERCISE IN ELITE PARALYMPICS WEIGHTLIFTERS

The purpose of this study was to describe inter-limb asymmetry in three muscle groups in a sample of Paralympic weightlifters during an 80% RM bench press. The sample was composed of 7 subjects belonging to the Chilean elite powerlifting. Surface electromyography was assessed in major pectoral, deltoid anterior and triceps brachii. The magnitude of the response was calculated through root mean square (RMS). Symmetry Index was calculated for an interlimb differences measure. Only the pectoralis major muscle showed significant differences between limbs (right 84.7 ± 41.3; left 66.1 ± 19.3 RMS) (p=0.05) and the SI median greatest value (19.74 ± 24.59%). Anterior deltoid showed high individual differences in two athletes with upper 80% SI values. More studies should assess asymmetry with the objective to decrease this injuries risk factor

Ability to repeat strength: effects of recovery between repetitions

The progressive training sessions with overloads are the most used strategies to elicit greater adaptive response to specific aims in strength performance. The total work with overload is a relevant factor in performance improvement. However, overload training affects mechanical muscular response, which triggers the onset of fatigue. The muscle fatigue reflects the loads characteristics (volume, intensity and recovery). In order to avoid the excessive fatigue while maintaining appropriate mechanical techniques, it is necessary to manipulate the recovery. Add more time between sets is the most applied strategy. According to the current researches, it seems that the best way to get both goals (less muscle fatigue and equal efficiency volume), is due to intra-set rest (ISR), which may be achieved by adding inter-repetition rest (IRR) in each repetition or cluster of repetitions within sets. These methodological approaches allow us to maintenance of technical characteristics (speed, strength, power) within many repetition-sets.Para estimular uma melhor resposta adaptativa aos objetivos específicos do treinamento de força, a sobrecarga progressiva é a estratégia mais utilizada. A quantidade de trabalho realizada no treino com sobrecarga é aspecto determinante para a melhora do rendimento. Porém, a sobrecarga resulta em desgaste muscular mecânico, o que desencadeia o aparecimento da fadiga. A fadiga é proporcional à característica das cargas (volume, intensidade e recuperação). Neste sentido, a manipulação do intervalo de recuperação é fundamental para evitar a fadiga excessiva, possibilitando uma menor influência do desgaste mecânico na execução da série, auxiliando, assim, na manutenção do volume e intensidade adequadas. A estratégia frequentemente empregada é aumentar o tempo de recuperação entre séries. No entanto, evidências existentes na literatura científica indicam que a maneira mais eficiente de conseguir estes objetivos (diminuir a fadiga e manter o volume de treinamento necessário) é incorporar curtas recuperações no interior da série ("intra-set" ou ISR). Pode-se alcançar tal objetivo, incorporando a recuperação entre repetições ("inter-repetition rest" ou IRR), ou a cada bloco de repetições (agrupamento ou "cluster"). Estas estratégias metodológicas permitem conservar as características mecânicas do gesto (velocidade, força e potência) durante as repetições por série

PHYSICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL ASPECTS THAT CAN INFLUENCE THE PREFERENCE FOR THE UCHIMATA TECHNIQUE IN JUDO: A CASE STUDY

The aim of this study was to compare the handgrip strength, flexibility level (sit and reach test), kumikata and biomechanical aspects of the uchimata technique of two national level judokas, one who favors to use the uchimata (tokui-waza), and one who selects another judo technique in combat. We recorded the highest value of three attempts for handgrip strength (handgrip test), and flexibility (sit and reach); we recorded the highest value of three attempts for strength (handgrip test) and flexibility (sit and reach test); we analyzed the uchimata phases (kuzushi, tsukuri, kake and zanshi) in 3D using Vicon® system. We found that non-traditional kumikata during combat (grips with both hands on the same side), greater level of flexibility (45 vs. 36 cm), greater leg opening distance (113 vs. 66 cm) and greater displacement speed of the center of mass performing the technique (75 vs. 49 cm/s) may be indicators for the choice of uchimata technique as tokui-waza