Behavior of the Brown-rot Fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum on Thermally-modified Eucalyptus grandis Wood

ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed evaluate the behavior of the brown-rot fungus Gloeophylum trabeum and white-rot fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus on thermally-modified Eucalyptus grandis wood. To this end, boards from five-year-eleven-month-old E. grandis trees, taken from the Duratex-SA company stock, were thermally-modified between 180 °C and 220 °C in the Laboratory of Wood Drying and Preservation at Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo state Brazil. Samples of each treatment were tested according to the ASTM D-2017 (2008) technical norm. The accelerated decay caused by the brown-rot fungus G. trabeum was compared with the decay caused by the white-rot fungus P. sanguineus, studied b

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Efeito da vaporização na madeira de Eucalyptus grandis sobre as suas propriedades químicas e resistência natural a fungos e cupins

A madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden submetida ao tratamento de vaporização apresenta maior qualidade na indústria de serrados e otimização durante o processo de secagem. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar o efeito da vaporização em toras e em madeira serrada nas propriedades químicas e na resistência natural a fungo e cupins da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis. Para isso, foram empregados quatro tratamentos: material controle, madeira vaporizada em toras (vapor saturado, 20 horas à 90°C), madeira pré-vaporizada em tábuas (1 hora de aquecimento inicial seguida de 3 horas de vapor saturado a 90ºC) e material submetido às duas vaporizações, ou seja, tábuas pré-vaporizadas obtidas de toras vaporizadas. Para caracterização química foram utilizadas as normas TAPPI (1999); para determinar a resistência natural a fungo foram utilizados os procedimentos das normas ASTM D-1413 (1994) e ASTM D-2017 (1994) e, para cupim, a metodologia desenvolvida pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (1980). Os resultados mostraram que: (1) a vaporização promoveu algumas modificações não estatisticamente significativas na composição química da madeira, como: acréscimos de até 5,07% do teor de solubilidade em NaOH 1%, decréscimos de até 21,80% no teor de solubilidade em água quente, acréscimos no teor de extrativos totais para madeira vaporizada em tora e aquela pré-vaporizada em tábuas na ordem de 4,80% e 9,50%, respectivamente, enquanto a madeira submetida à vaporização conjunta (vaporizada/pré-vaporizada) apresentou decréscimo de 7,10%; aumento de até 6,77% no teor de lignina Klason, e redução de até 4,75% no teor de hemiceluloses. Outras modificações, no entanto, foram significativas, como: redução de 3,10% no teor de holocelulose e de 5,06% no teor de celulose...The steamed wood of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden has a better quality to the sawn industry and optimizes the drying process The aim objective of this work was evaluate the effect of vaporization in logs and lumber on chemical properties and Eucalyptus grandis´s natural resistance to dry wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis) and to the fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus. For this, four treatments were used: control material, steamed wood logs (saturated steam, 20 hours at 90 ° C), pre-steamed wood on tables (1 hour initial warm-up followed by 3 hours of saturated steam at 90 º C) and materials that were submitted to two sprays, i.e., pre-steamed boards obtained from vaporized logs. For the chemical characterization was used TAPPI (1999), to determine the natural resistance to fungus were used procedures of ASTM D-1413 (1994) and ASTM D-2017 (1994) standards and, for termites, the methodology developed by the Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (1980). Results showed that: (1) vaporization promoted no significant modifications in the chemical composition of wood, such as additions of 5.07% in the level of solubility in NaOH 1%, solubility decrease of 21.80% in the level of solubility in hot water, increases in the total extractive content for the log wood and pre-vaporized boards in the order of 4.80% and 9.50% respectively, while the vaporized wood/pre-vaporized on boards showed a decrease of 7.10%; increase of 6.77% in Klason lignin content and reduction of 4.75% in the content of hemicelluloses. Other modifications, however, were significant, as reduction of 3.10% in the holocellulose content and 5.06% in cellulose content, (2) there was also no significant effect on the susceptibility of wood when vaporized and exposed to the white-rot fungus, Pycnoporus sanguineus. The steamed wood... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Chemical properties and decay resistance of eucalyptus grandis wood from steamed logs

The objective of this study was evaluate the effect of the log steaming on the chemical properties and decay resistance of Eucalyptus grandis wood. Logs with diameter between 20 and 22 cm were studied. Half of logs were kept in its on original condition, and the other half was steamed at 90°C for 13 hours. The holocellulosc, Klason lignin, total extractives content and the weight loss caused by the decay fungus Pycnoporus sanguineous were characterized. The results showed that the log steaming of E. grandis wood cause: (l)a significantly decreased in holocellulose content; (2) an increase of 4.8% and 4.4% in total extractives and lignin content, respectively; and (3) a decrease in its durability against the decay fungus P. sanguineus in order of 13.03%. Copyright © (2012) by WCTE 2012 Committee

Behavior of the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum on thermally-modified Eucalyptus grandis wood

In this study, we aimed evaluate the behavior of the brown-rot fungus Gloeophylum trabeum and white-rot fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus on thermally-modified Eucalyptus grandis wood. To this end, boards from five-year-eleven-month-old E. grandis trees, taken from the Duratex-SA company stock, were thermally-modified between 180 ºC and 220 ºC in the Laboratory of Wood Drying and Preservation at Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo state Brazil. Samples of each treatment were tested according to the ASTM D-2017 (2008) technical norm. The accelerated decay caused by the brown-rot fungus G. trabeum was compared with the decay caused by the white-rot fungus P. sanguineus, studied by Calonego et al. (2010). The results showed that (1) brown-rot fungus caused greater decay than white-rot fungus; and (2) the increase in temperature from 180 to 220 ºC caused reductions between 28.2% and 70.0% in the weight loss of E. grandis samples incubated with G. trabeum.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento do fungo de podridão parda Gloeophylum trabeum e do fungo de podridão branca Pycnoporus sanguineus sobre a madeira de Eucalyptus grandis modificada termicamente. Tábuas de árvores de E. grandis com cinco anos e 11 meses de idade, da empresa Duratex-SA, foram modificadas termicamente entre 180 ºC e 220 ºC no Laboratório de Secagem e Preservação de Madeiras da UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brasil. Corpos de prova de cada tratamento foram testados, de acordo com a norma técnica ASTM D-2017 (2008). O apodrecimento acelerado causado pelo fungo de podridão parda G. trabeum foi comparado com o do fungo de podridão branca P. sanguineus, estudado por Calonego et al. (2010). Os resultados mostraram que (1) o apodrecimento causado pelo fungo de podridão parda foi maior que o de podridão branca e (2) o aumento da temperature de 180 para 220 ºC ocasionou reduções de 28,2% a 70,0% na perda de massa dos corpos de prova de E. grandis incubados com o G. trabeum

Behavior of the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum on thermally-modified Eucalyptus grandis wood

In this study, we aimed evaluate the behavior of the brown-rot fungus Gloeophylum trabeum and white-rot fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus on thermally-modified Eucalyptus grandis wood. To this end, boards from five-year-eleven-month-old E. grandis trees, taken from the Duratex-SA company stock, were thermally-modified between 180 ºC and 220 ºC in the Laboratory of Wood Drying and Preservation at Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo state Brazil. Samples of each treatment were tested according to the ASTM D-2017 (2008) technical norm. The accelerated decay caused by the brown-rot fungus G. trabeum was compared with the decay caused by the white-rot fungus P. sanguineus, studied by Calonego et al. (2010). The results showed that (1) brown-rot fungus caused greater decay than white-rot fungus; and (2) the increase in temperature from 180 to 220 ºC caused reductions between 28.2% and 70.0% in the weight loss of E. grandis samples incubated with G. trabeum