32 research outputs found
A Formal Analysis of the Best System Account of Lawhood
In this work I attempt a reformulation of Lewisâ Best System Account, explicitating the underlying formal conception of scientific theories and trying to define the concepts of simplicity, strength and balance. This essay is divided in three sections. In the first one I introduce the Best System Account of natural laws and formulate the need for its improvement. In the second section I outline a formal framework where the notions of deductive system and scientific theory can be defined precisely. In the last section the notions of simplicity, strength and balance are analyzed. To conclude I argue that the framework proposed does indeed provide the precision required. In addition, it also offers interesting insights on the plurality of concepts of simplicity, strength and balance, and on the general enterprise of formalizing scientific theories
A Formal Analysis of the Best System Account of Lawhood
In this work I attempt a reformulation of Lewisâ Best System Account, explicitating the underlying formal conception of scientiďŹc theories and trying to deďŹne the concepts of simplicity, strength and balance. This essay is divided in three sections. In the ďŹrst one I introduce the Best System Account of natural laws and formulate the need for its improvement. In the second section I outline a formal framework where the notions of deductive system and scientiďŹc theory can be deďŹned precisely. In the last section the notions of simplicity, strength and balance are analyzed. To conclude I argue that the framework proposed does indeed provide the precision required. In addition, it also oďŹers interesting insights on the plurality of concepts of simplicity, strength and balance, and on the general enterprise of formalizing scientiďŹc theories
Il diritto privato tra Stato e Regioni: riflessioni comparatistiche
Traditionally, in Italy Private Law has always been considered exclusive to the State central authority. Even after the Constitutional Reform of 2001, which gave Regions a great deal of legislative powers, they still struggle to regulate these aspects of human relationships. Nonetheless, in these recent years, we are witnessing the slow arising of Regional Private Law. Very often, such legislation is challenged by the State before the Constitutional Court for its supposed inconsistency with the Italian Constitution, but it is not unlikely to see the Constitutional Court dismiss these appeals on the grounds of irrelevance.
Moreover, it is still unclear which subjects are to be considered âprivateâ. Any distinction becomes even harder when a different legal system is involved. In fact, terms like âprivate lawâ and âstateâ can acquire a very different meaning not only because of merely linguistic reasons, but also on legal and cultural grounds.
For reasons duly explained in the first chapter, a significant comparison between the Italian legal system and all major European legal systems seems less meaningful than one might expect. Therefore, the focus is shifted to the common law tradition, particularly the U.S., where the distinction between private and public law has little bearing - if any - and where the federal experience can offer new solutions to a younger multi-level system of government
Risk-based decision making: estimands for sequential prediction under interventions
Prediction models are used amongst others to inform medical decisions on
interventions. Typically, individuals with high risks of adverse outcomes are
advised to undergo an intervention while those at low risk are advised to
refrain from it. Standard prediction models do not always provide risks that
are relevant to inform such decisions: e.g., an individual may be estimated to
be at low risk because similar individuals in the past received an intervention
which lowered their risk. Therefore, prediction models supporting decisions
should target risks belonging to defined intervention strategies. Previous
works on prediction under interventions assumed that the prediction model was
used only at one time point to make an intervention decision. In clinical
practice, intervention decisions are rarely made only once: they might be
repeated, deferred and re-evaluated. This requires estimated risks under
interventions that can be reconsidered at several potential decision moments.
In the current work, we highlight key considerations for formulating estimands
in sequential prediction under interventions that can inform such intervention
decisions. We illustrate these considerations by giving examples of estimands
for a case study about choosing between vaginal delivery and cesarean section
for women giving birth. Our formalization of prediction tasks in a sequential,
causal, and estimand context provides guidance for future studies to ensure
that the right question is answered and appropriate causal estimation
approaches are chosen to develop sequential prediction models that can inform
intervention decisions.Comment: 32 pages, 2 figure
On the connection between the categorical and the modal logic approaches to Quantum Mechanics
This thesis aims at connecting the two research programs known as Categorical Quantum Mechanics and Dynamic Quantum Logic. This is achieved in three steps. First we define a procedure to extract a Modal Logic frame
from a small category and a functor into the category of sets and relations.
Second, we extend such methodology to locally small categories. Third, we apply it to the category of finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces to recover the
semantics of Dynamic Quantum Logic.
This process prompts new lines of research. At a general level, we study some logics arising from wide classes of small categories. In the case of Hilbert spaces, we investigate how to obtain richer semantics, containing
probabilistic information. We design a logic for this semantics and prove that, via translation, it preserves the validities of Dynamic Quantum Logic
Il diritto privato tra Stato e Regioni: riflessioni comparatistiche
Traditionally, in Italy Private Law has always been considered exclusive to the State central authority. Even after the Constitutional Reform of 2001, which gave Regions a great deal of legislative powers, they still struggle to regulate these aspects of human relationships. Nonetheless, in these recent years, we are witnessing the slow arising of Regional Private Law. Very often, such legislation is challenged by the State before the Constitutional Court for its supposed inconsistency with the Italian Constitution, but it is not unlikely to see the Constitutional Court dismiss these appeals on the grounds of irrelevance.
Moreover, it is still unclear which subjects are to be considered âprivateâ. Any distinction becomes even harder when a different legal system is involved. In fact, terms like âprivate lawâ and âstateâ can acquire a very different meaning not only because of merely linguistic reasons, but also on legal and cultural grounds.
For reasons duly explained in the first chapter, a significant comparison between the Italian legal system and all major European legal systems seems less meaningful than one might expect. Therefore, the focus is shifted to the common law tradition, particularly the U.S., where the distinction between private and public law has little bearing - if any - and where the federal experience can offer new solutions to a younger multi-level system of government.Ormai da tempo il diritto privato ha perso la sua dimensione esclusivamente codicistica e la frammentazione delle fonti che ne è conseguita ha messo in crisi il rapporto simbiotico con la sovranitĂ statale. In seguito alla riforma costituzionale del 2001, inoltre, le Regioni si sono viste attribuire competenze molto ampie che presentano senzâaltro profili privatistici la cui disciplina però sembrerebbe riservata esclusivamente allo Stato dalla clausola dellââordinamento civileâ ex art. 117, comma 2°, lett. l), Cost. La giurisprudenza della Corte costituzionale in materia, esposta nel secondo capitolo, non consente di individuare un orientamento nĂŠ certo nĂŠ definitivo.
Per tale motivo, un raffronto con ordinamenti giuridici di maggior tradizione nel campo dei sistemi multilivello delle fonti potrebbe offrire nuovi spunti risolutivi ad un conflitto che vede contrapposte istanze di autonomia da una parte ed esigenze di uniformitĂ dallâaltra. In questo senso, lâordinamento federale degli Stati Uniti dâAmerica si propone, pur con le evidenti differenze, come un modello di tensione costante tra centro e periferia in cui lâinterrogativo di fondo, come evidenziato nel terzo capitolo, riguarda invece il livello ottimale di normazione soprattutto in tema di diritti fondamentali.
Il campo di indagine cosĂŹ individuato non può prescindere da alcune premesse terminologiche e concettuali, con particolare riguardo alle nozioni di âdiritto privatoâ e âstatoâ e di come esse vengano intese a seconda dellâordinamento di riferimento. Di ciò viene dato conto nel primo capitolo del presente lavoro