Die Rolle und Person des Lehrers in der islamischen Bildungs- und Erziehungstradition

Nach muslimischer Auffassung kommt der Mensch mit bestimmten gottgegebenen Anlagen ausgestattet auf die Welt. Diese Anlagen entwickeln sich unter vielfältigen Umwelteinflüssen fort. Diese Weiterentwicklung sollte adäquat zur natürlichen Veranlagung geschehen, um eine gesunde Entwicklung zu sichern (positive Erziehung) und eine Fehlentwicklung zu unterbinden (negative Erziehung). Um eine gute und gesunde Entwicklung zu gewährleisten, sollte dem Individuum natürliche positive Bildung und Erziehung zugänglich sein. Dies geschieht meist in der Kindheit und Jugend und ist Aufgabe der Erwachsenen. Die wichtigsten Erwachsenen für ein/en Kind/Jugendlichen sind die Erwachsenen der Familie und der Lehrer. Gemeinsam mit der Familie ist der Lehrer verantwortlich für die Fortentwicklung der natürlichen Anlagen des Zöglings. Im Gegensatz zur Familie ist die Verantwortung des Lehrers professioneller Art. Er wirkt ab dem ersten Kontakt des Schülers mit der Schule sichtbar auf ihn ein. Um am Ende dieser Einwirkung ein positives Ergebnis zu erzielen, ist der Lehrer angehalten die Problemstellungen seiner Aufgabe und ihre Lösungen zu kennen. Denn sowohl die Bildung als auch die Erziehung sind dynamischveränderlich und wie alles auf dieser Welt ständig in Veränderung. Der Lehrer spielt in der islamischen Bildungs- und Erziehungstradition eine große Rolle, weil der Prophet Muhammad als solcher gilt. Demgemäß genießt der Lehrerberuf als der „Beruf des Propheten“ ein hohes Ansehen. Die folgenden Kapitel eruieren die Rolle des Lehrers aus dieser Ausgangslage heraus

A rare intraabdominal tumor : giant hepatic artery aneurysm

A 55-year-old man was investigated for right upper abdominal quadrant pain. He had No history of abdominal trauma or surgery. Imaging studies showed a common hepatic artery aneurysm involving the gastroduodenal artery. Following aneurysmectomy, examination with a hand Doppler apparatus yielded clear arterial signals from the liver surface. Therefore, vascular reconstruction was not performed. He had an uneventful postoperative course

Diagnostic Dilemma in an Unusual Case of Common Bile Duct Obstruction

Biliary obstructions are rarely caused by a foreign body and have received sparse attention. We present an unusual case with pruritis and abdominal pain caused by impacted full length surgical gauze within the common bile duct. The patient had previously undergone an open cholecystectomy. Radiological investigations were inconclusive and suggestive of either a calculus or a cholangiocarcinoma. Surgical exploration revealed full length surgical gauze within the common bile duct. Because imaging modalities are often non-determinant, the possibility of biliary tract obstruction from a foreign body should be borne in mind for patients with unusual presentations, especially those who have previously undergone surgery

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization in Patients with Kidney Diseases: an Overview of the Technical Aspects and Clinical Indications

Therapeutic embolization is defined as the voluntary occlusion of one or several vessels, and this is achieved by inserting material into the lumen to obtain transient or permanent thrombosis in the downstream vascular bed. There are a number of indications for this approach in urological practice, in particular for the patients with parenchymatous or vascular kidney disease. In this review, we present the different embolization techniques and the principally employed occluding agents, and then we present the principal clinical indications and we discuss other pathologies that may benefit from this non-invasive therapy. The complications, side effects and main precautions associated with this approach are also described

Dysbaric osteonecrosis in experienced dive masters and instructors

Introduction: Dysbaric osteonecrosis (DON) is a type of aseptic bone necrosis of long bones such as the humerus, femur, and tibia. It is observed in workers who perform in high-pressure environments. Methods: There were 58 volunteer divers included in this study who had performed at least 500 dives, were working as a dive master or instructor, had never performed industrial and commercial dives, and did not have a diagnosis of osteonecrosis. Radiological evaluation was performed according to the guidelines suggested by The British Research Council Decompression Sickness Panel. A total of eight X-rays were taken per patient. When suspicious lesions were detected, MRI of the region was performed. Results: Of the 58 divers, 2 were eliminated because of inadequate X-ray studies. A total of 18 DON lesions were detected in 14 of 56 (25%) divers. Age was the only variable independently associated with the development of DON (P < 0.05). Discussion: The DON prevalence of 25% in this study is high considering the dive instructors had thorough diving training and strictly practiced the decompression rules. We believe this high prevalence is a result of frequent and sometimes deep dives for many years. Our findings raise the question of whether these divers can be seen as "sports divers" or should be seen as "occupational divers." if the latter description is approved, dive masters and instructors should be kept under periodic screening for DON lesions just like professional commercial divers to help reduce the morbidity associated with this disease