Impact of wastewater irrigation on intestinal infections in a farming population in Mexico.

An opportunistic study was carried out in central Mexico, where one of the world's largest wastewater reuse schemes for agricultural production is located. This scheme provided a unique opportunity to assess the health impact of exposure to wastewater of different qualities on intestinal parasitic infections and diarrhoeal diseases. The central objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of hydraulic retention on reducing the health risks associated with wastewater use. Exposure groups were defined according to eligibility procedures and to the quality of irrigation water. Microbiological quality was measured using nematode eggs and faecal coliforms as indicators. The exposure groups involved households: a) exposed to untreated wastewater; b) exposed to wastewater retained in a single reservoir; c) exposed to wastewater which had passed through two reservoirs in series, and been retained for some time in both; and d) nonwastewater-exposed households (controls). The study outcomes included risk of Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infections, as well as the risk of diarrhoeal diseases. The study design was based on two cross-sectional surveys (rainy and dry seasons), and the analyses focused on both comparison of risks between the different exposure groups as well as the identification of at-risk groups. The two surveys involved different intermediate groups - (b) and (c) above - and the main purpose was to assess the effects of single versus double hydraulic retention. They are distinguished mainly for this purpose, rather than the evaluation of possible seasonal fluctuations of the study outcomes. Other variables (i.e. socioeconomic, hygiene and sanitation) were analysed as confounders using a multivariate model. In young children the prevalence rates of A. lumbricoides infection were considerably higher in the raw wastewater group (13.7%), and lower prevalences were observed with decreasing exposure (11.8% in the single reservoir group, 3.3% in the double reservoirs group, and 0.6 - 2.5% in the control group). A high prevalence rate of G.lamblia was observed in children (17 - 20.5%), but no association with untreated wastewater was found. The prevalence rates of E. histolytica infection in children from the various exposure groups ranged between 4.8 - 7.0%, but were considerably higher in older individuals: 15.7 and 16.5% in the two surveys among the raw wastewater group, compared with 13.2% and 14.7% respectively in the controls. In addition, a high prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases (two-weeks recall period) was found in the rainy season, particularly in young children from the raw wastewater exposure group, and lower prevalences were observed with decreasing exposure (29.0% in the raw wastewater group, 26.8% in the two reservoirs group, and 23.0 % in the control group, respectively). The overall prevalences of Cryptosporidium parvum and Trichuris trichiura infections were unexpectedly low (below 1% and 4%, respectively), and excluded from further consideration. The intensity of A. lumbricoides infection was evaluated in a parallel study, and is not reported here. The main findings of the present study can be summarised as follows: - Cropland irrigation with raw wastewater was strongly associated with A. lumbricoides infection in farmworkers and their families, with a risk of diarrhoeal diseases, and with a small but significant risk of E. histolytica infection in individuals aged over 5 years. - The differences observed in the prevalences of A. lumbricoides infection and diarrhoeal diseases were similar in both seasons, but the prevalences in the control group were lower in the dry season; thus, the relative effect of wastewater use was greater in the dry season. - Retention of wastewater in two reservoirs in series (2-6 months) reduced substantially the risk of A. lumbricoides infection, and to a lesser extent the risk of E. histolytica infection, and possibly the risk of diarrhoeal diseases in young children. - Retention of wastewater in a single reservoir (1 - 7 months) did not reduce the risk of A. lumbricoides or E. histolytica infection, but may reduce the ri sk of diarrhoeal diseases in children by 20%. - No association between exposure to raw wastewater and infection with G. lamblia was detected in this research. - Parasitic intestinal infections and diarrhoeal diseases showed significant associations with variables describing personal and domestic hygiene, basic sanitation and socioeconomic characteristics. These results are discussed in relation to local regulations and health protection measures, as well as in light of the WHO 1989 revised guidelines for restricted crop irrigation

Seven looks at the image. Approaches to the image in contemporary societies

El presente artículo presenta de manera breve las líneas generales del proyecto de investigación Siete miradas a la imagen, el cual, realiza una mirada trasndiciplinar a las sociedades contemporáneas y su relación con la imagen, así como el fenómeno de la imagen misma y las mitologías a que ella da nacimiento.This article briefly presents the general lines of the research project Siete miradas a la imagen, which takes a trans-disciplinary look at contemporary societies and their relationship with the image, as well as the phenomenon of the image itself and the mythologies to which that she gives birth

Análisis hermenéutico de una escuela de liderazgo de comunicación para el cambio social: estudio de caso de cuatro comunicadores populares colombianos

A través de la interpretación de historias de vida de cuatro comunicadores populares en Colombia, se propone una hermenéutica fenomenológica de los textos y con esto se busca develar cómo comprender esos los relatos, que a través de la inteligencia narrativa se pueda proponer una Escuela de liderazgo de comunicación popular o para el cambio social. La investigación de corte cualitativo, empleó la fenomenología hermenéutica a través las mimesis propuestas por Ricoeur, para poder interpretar historias de vida, develando qué lecturas hay de liderazgo en su cotidianidad, en sus quehaceres como comunicadores. La palabra liderazgo, es desconocida, invisibilizada o asumida desde lo utilitario empresarial desde la visión de estos comunicadores populares o para el cambio social, además matizada un mundo de comunicación abordado desde una visión funcionalista moderna; de esa manera esta investigación indaga sobre estos resquicios, para buscar nuevas interpretaciones sobre el término. Al final se propone una Escuela de liderazgo entendida como interpretación de la interpretación (re-interpretación) o una extensión de la misma interpretación que toma a la inteligencia narrativa como elemento unificador, con una perspectiva comunicativa que articule logos, ethos y pathos desde una visión humana

Trichoniscoides basozaina sp. nov., un nuevo isópodo cavernícola de Navarra, norte de España (Crustacea: Isopoda: Trichoniscidae)

A new species of terrestrial isopod of the Trichoniscidae Sars, 1899 family, Trichoniscoides basozaina sp. nov., found in the Otxola’s cave (Navarra) is described, and its diagnostic characteristics are discussed, and also its similarity with the other species of the genus are discussed. The structure of the endopod of the second male pleopod places it in the group of species that served as a transition bridge between the “pyrenean” group of Trichoniscoides Sars, 1899, and the pyrenean genus Scotoniscus Racovitza, 1908.Se describe una nueva especie de isópodo terrestre de la familia Trichoniscidae Sars, 1899, Trichoniscoides basozaina sp. nov., encontrada en la cueva de Otxola (Navarra) y se discuten sus caracteres diagnósticos que permiten separarla de otras especies del género. La estructura del endopodito del segundo pleópodo del macho, la sitúa en el grupo de especies que sirvieron de puente en la transición entre el grupo “pirenaico” de Trichoniscoides Sars, 1899 y el género pirenaico Scotoniscus Racovitza, 1908. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B58695A0-A5A6-4EC3-9C8D-5C94BA5E578

Análisis de rentabilidad y control de costos para una industria panificadora

Establecer un sistema de control de costos y proporcionar herramientas financieras que permitan evaluar la rentabilidad de la empresa y mejorar la toma de decisiones, así estudiar el sistema de producción para examinar los costos primos y costos indirectos de fabricación y analizar los procesos administrativos y comerciales para examinar los gastos de operación vigentes así mismo registrar las actividades generadoras de costos para proponer un plan de cuentas distribuidos en centros de costos que permitan un control

Diseño de procedimientos para la calibración de indicadores de presión arterial no invasiva

El Laboratorio de Metrología - Variables Eléctricas, está en proceso de acreditar un laboratorio de calibración /ensayos de equipo electromédico en las áreas de: Seguridad Eléctrica, Electrocardiografía, electroencefalografía, Monitoría Fetal, Pulsioximetría SpO2, Electrobisturies, Desfibriladores/Marcapasos, Presión Arterial, Bombas de Infusión, Incubadoras, Flujo de Gas, Respiradores entre otros. En el contenido de éste artículo se hace referencia al procedimiento de calibración de indicadores digitales de presión arterial no invasiva; procedimiento para el cual no existe una norma técnica específica y que el grupo de electrofisiología ha diseñado para tal fin.The Metrology Laboratory - Electrical Variable, it is designing the procedures for calibration and testing in the areas of: Electrical Safety, Electrocardiography, Electroencephalography, Fetal Monitoring, Pulse Oximeter SpO2, Electrosurgery, Defibrillator/Pacemaker, Blood Pressure, Infusion Pumps, Incubator, Gas Flow, Ventilators. In the content of this one article reference to the procedure is made of calibration of non-invasive blood pressure monitoring; procedure for which a technical norm doesn't exist specifies and that the electrophysiology group has designed for such an end

Elaboración del plan de gestión integral de residuos hospitalarios Ulloa Valle año 2007

A lo largo de la historia, el primer problema de los residuos sólidos ha sido su eliminación, en especial los residuos peligrosos en los centros de servicio de salud, Pues su presencia resulta más evidente que otro tipo de residuos y su proximidad resulta incomoda y molesta. La comunidad ha solucionado esta situación quitándolos de la vista, arrojándolos fuera de las ciudades, cauces de los ríos o en el mar u ocultándolos mediante el enterramiento. .2 Todas las actividades que se realicen en las instituciones prestadoras de servicio de salud a nivel mundial conllevan a la producción de residuos sólidos Hospitalarios y similares, Es así como en los centros poblados esta situación es más grave, por el desequilibrio ocasionado por la concentración de población, por lo tanto una de las soluciones es la realización de un Plan De Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos Hospitalarios Y Similares (PGIRSH) acogiéndonos a la legislación exigida y sabiendo que ocupa un lugar principal dentro de la Gestión Ambiental en la institución. El propósito común de la sociedad es proteger y conservar el medio ambiente garantizando el mantenimiento y mejoramiento continuo, respecto a la cantidad y calidad del patrimonio natural y el nivel de vida de la comunidad; por tal razón el inadecuado manejo de los residuos hospitalarios genera impactos negativos como, contaminación visual, incrementos de olores, aumento de vectores, disminución de calidad de vida de los trabajadores de la institución, Una de las responsabilidades del sector salud, es evitar efectos secundarios con el medio ambiente, con sus residuos hospitalarios en general. Para lograr lo anterior, Se debe promover ampliamente un verdadero y completo plan de gestión integral de residuos hospitalarios y similares, como plan de contingencia para este problema. El Plan de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos, PGIRS, es un conjunto ordenado de objetivos, metas, programas, proyectos y actividades, definidos por el ente territorial para la prestación del servicio de aseo, acorde con los lineamientos definidos en los planes y/o esquemas de ordenamiento territorial y basado en la política de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos, el cual se basa en un diagnóstico inicial, en su proyección hacia el futuro y en un plan financiero viable.4 Esto logra que se permita garantizar el mejoramiento continuo de la prestación del servicio de aseo, evaluado a través de la medición de resultados.Throughout history, the first problem with solid waste has been its elimination, especially hazardous waste in health service centers, since its presence is more evident than other types of waste and its proximity is uncomfortable and annoying. . The community has solved this situation by removing them from sight, throwing them out of cities, riverbeds or into the sea, or hiding them through burial. .2 All the activities carried out in the institutions that provide health services worldwide lead to the production of solid waste for Hospitals and the like. Thus, in populated centers this situation is more serious, due to the imbalance caused by the concentration of the population. Therefore, one of the solutions is the realization of a Comprehensive Hospital and Similar Solid Waste Management Plan (PGIRSH), complying with the required legislation and knowing that it occupies a leading place within the Institution's Environmental Management. The common purpose of society is to protect and conserve the environment, guaranteeing the maintenance and continuous improvement, regarding the quantity and quality of the natural heritage and the community's standard of living; For this reason, the inadequate management of hospital waste generates negative impacts such as visual pollution, increased odors, increased vectors, decreased quality of life of the institution's workers.One of the responsibilities of the health sector is to avoid side effects. with the environment, with its hospital waste in general. To achieve the above, a true and complete comprehensive management plan for hospital waste and the like should be widely promoted as a contingency plan for this problem. The Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan, PGIRS, is an ordered set of objectives, goals, programs, projects and activities, defined by the territorial entity for the provision of the cleaning service, in accordance with the guidelines defined in the plans and / or Territorial planning schemes and based on the Integral Solid Waste Management policy, which is based on an initial diagnosis, its projection into the future and a viable financial plan.4 This makes it possible to guarantee the continuous improvement of the provision of the cleaning service, evaluated through the measurement of results

Enhanced biocontrol services in artificially selected strains of Orius laevigatus

Augmentative biological control in protected crops relies mainly on omnivorous predators. Their performance as biological control agents (BCA) depends on several characteristics of the species, which in turn may differ among strains within a species. We have recently reported the achievement of two Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) strains showing a significant larger body size or better fitness when feeding on pollen, two characteristics having a key impact on field performance. However, selection towards a specific trait might result in trade-offs, such as reduced predation capacity, which may impair control efficiency. Therefore, the predation capacity of these selected populations was tested in laboratory as a first step prior to its field use. Functional response to different densities of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (adults and larvae) and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (nymphs) were studied in the large-sized and pollen-tolerant O. laevigatus strains in comparison with commercial and wild populations. A type-II functional response was observed regardless of the population. Body size was significantly related to thrips but not to aphid predation. The large-sized strain showed a superior predation capacity, both on thrips larvae and especially on adult thrips, although not on aphids. Therefore, the larger body size of the selected strain may increase its effectiveness as BCA of thrips. Regarding the pollen-tolerant strain, no trade-offs were observed in predation rates on adults or larvae of thrips, but it showed higher predation capacity on aphid nymphs, suggesting an expanded prey range. Implications of such enhanced biocontrol services on crop protection are also discussed.We acknowledge anonymous referees for reviews and comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Grant PID2020-116897RB-I00 funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. José Enrique Mendoza holds a Grant from the MSIU (FPU14/02932)

Modelo de adopción técnológica para el uso de la nube computacional en las pymes del sector exportador de camarón

El estudio de modelos teóricos de aceptación tecnológica es relevante al momento de evaluar el grado de adopción de nuevos procesos en la nube computacional. Los cambios tecnológicos se centran en los inconvenientes de aceptación por parte de las pymes debido a que implican una inversión economica para poder competir en el mercado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la relación de la adopción con las variables de estudio las cuales son la ventaja relativa, los competidores, la compatibilidad y el apoyo de alta gerencia estableciendo como marco de referencía el modelo de tecnología para las pymes del sector exportadore de camarón en el cantón Durán. La investigación posee un estudio descriptivo y correlativo en el cantón Durán. La investigación posee un estudio descriptivo y correlativo que permitió identificar los factores que inciden en la adopción de la nube computacional. El enfoque de la investigación es de tipo mixto debido a que los datos cualitativos se obtuvieron de fuentes documentales y revisiones bibliograficas y sus datos cuantitativos de estudios previos y estadisticos. El resultado de la investigación permitió conocer el estado actual de las pymes del sector exportador de camarón identificando relaciones en las variables apoyo de alta gerencia con el conocimiento de la organización y la infraestructura con el ahorro de cosotos