N-(2-Fluoro­phen­yl)-5-[(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)amino­meth­yl]-6-methyl-2-phenyl­pyrimidin-4-amine

The conformation of the title mol­ecule, C25H23FN4O, is mainly determined by an intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond closing a six-membered ring and the dihedral angles between the pyrimidine ring and the three benzene rings which are 12.8 (2), 12.0 (2) and 86.1 (2)°. An intra­molecular N—H⋯F inter­action also occurs. The crystal stucture is stabilized by weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions. An inter­molecular N—H⋯N inter­action is also observed

5-[(4-Eth­oxy­anilino)meth­yl]-N-(2-fluoro­phen­yl)-6-methyl-2-phenyl­pyrimidin-4-amine

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C26H25FN4O, consists of two symmetry-independent mol­ecules, denoted A and B. The conformation of each mol­ecule is mainly determined by an intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond, which closes a six-membered ring. The dihedral angles between the pyrimidine ring and the phenyl, fluorophenyl and ethoxyphenyl rings are 15.4 (2), 28.4 (2) and 77.5 (2)°, respectively, in mol­ecule A, and 15.9 (2), 2.7 (2) and 61.8 (2)° in mol­ecule B. Inter­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking inter­actions between pyrimidine rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.692 (4) Å] connect mol­ecules A and B into dimers and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the dimers into zigzag chains along [011]. The (4-eth­oxy­anilino)methyl group of the B mol­ecule is disordered over two sets of sites, the occupancy factor for the major component being 0.900 (2)

Miejsca węzłowe w systemie zieleni, jako zagadnienie integracji przestrzeni miejskiej

Urban greenery system a significant part of urbanized landscape, may be understood as "areas with specific characteristics identified and designated using the principles of ecology and landscape ecology, the main aim of which is to regulate the ways the natural city environment functions" ( Szulczewska B., Kaliszuk E. 2005 [1]). Greenery system assumes the leading role in building a sustainable and resilient urban environment. The green system structure, according to the generally accepted theory of urban composition (Lynch K. 1960 [5], Wejchert K. 194 [9].) is crystallized by the nodal elements, which ,in this context, are vital,due to "climatic, hydrological and/or biological significance" (Szulczewska B., Kaliszuk E.2005 [1]). While considering city composition together with its landscape as a complex of many layers, such as communication, development, infrastructure and greenery, is it necessary to to emphasize the important role of their mutual penetration, which complements the essence of the functioning of thisvery dynamic and variable city organism. Changes in one of the layers cause distortion in the others. Therefore, the relationships that binds the layers are crucialand their accumulation and dynamics will determine whether the nodal point will eventually be developped. The greenery structure is too fragile with regard to the brutality of communication systems and buildings. However, in the light of the contemporary needs to build a healthy, friendly living environment opened to the change in creative design (Prominski M.2005 [26]), (Prominski M.2005 [26]), the natural system shows potential towards the integration of urban space.System zieleni miejskiej, znacząca część krajobrazu zurbanizowanego, rozumiany jako System Przyrodniczy Miasta (SPM) oznaczający zgodnie z definicją "obszary o specyficznych cechach, zidentyfikowanych i wyznaczonych z zastosowaniem zasad ekologii i ekologii krajobrazu, których głównym zadaniem jest regulowanie funkcjonowania środowiska przyrodniczego w mieście" (Szulczewska B., Kaliszuk E. 2005 [1]) przybiera pierwszoplanową rolę w kontekście budowania zrównoważonego i trwałego miejskiego środowiska życia. Podobnie jak w ogólnie przyjętej teorii kompozycji urbanistycznej (Lynch. K. 1960 [5], Wejchert K. 1974 [9]) strukturę SPM krystalizują elementy węzłowe istotne, w tym ujęciu, ze względu na "znaczenie klimatyczne, hydrologiczne i/lub biologiczne" (Szulczewska B., Kaliszuk E.2005 [1]). Rozpatrując zagadnienia kompozycji miasta i jego krajobrazu jako skomplikowanego systemu wielu warstw: m.in. komunikacji, zabudowy, infrastruktury i zieleni trzeba podkreślić znaczącą rolę ich przenikania, która dopełnia istotę funkcjonowania bardzo dynamicznego i zmiennego organizmu. Zmiany w jednej z warstw powodują zakłócenia w pozostałych. Dlatego ważne stają się relacje wiążące poszczególne warstwy, a ich nagromadzenie i dynamika będą decydowały czy powstanie ostatecznie miejsce węzłowe. Struktura zieleni jest zbyt delikatna względem brutalności układów komunikacyjnych i nierzadko zabudowy. A jednak, w świetle współczesnych potrzeb budowania zdrowego, przyjaznego środowiska życia oraz kreatywnego otwartego na zmiany podejścia projektowego (Prominski M.2005 [26]), w systemie przyrodniczym tkwi integracyjny potencjał przestrzeni miejskiej

Development of standard protocols for biofilm-biomaterial interface testing

The oral biofilm is associated with the most common oral diseases such as caries, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis. It is also linked to failures of dental treatment approaches (eg, direct or indirect restorations because of adjacent caries). Therefore, the development of materials with antibacterial properties is desirable. However, the design of meaningful tests to confirm such properties faces severe problems because of the complexity of the interaction of materials with the oral biofilm. Furthermore, owing to practical reasons, such tests need to be performed in vitro. In contrast, there is a need for predictive data that are comparable between different laboratories. Therefore, standardization of such tests has been advocated. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) with its Technical Committee 106–Dentistry maybetherelevant platform forthis purpose. A standard (ISO 3990) is being developed for testing the antibacterial properties of dental restorative materials. This standard defines basic requirements for sample preparation, selection of bacterial strains, test methods and assessment, and reporting of results. It is considered to be the first step, and regular revisions are planned as new scientific evidence emerges. The support of the scientific communities providing multidisciplinary input is needed. Key Words. Antibacterial; dental material; standardization; ISO standards; microbiology

Study of ash deposition during coal combustion under oxyfuel conditions

This paper presents a comparative study on ash deposition of two selected coals, Russian coal and lignite, under oxyfuel (O₂/CO₂) and air combustion conditions. The comparison is based on experimental results and subsequent evaluation of the data and observed trends. Deposited as well as remaining filter ash (fine ash) samples were subjected to XRD and ICP analyses in order to study the chemical composition and mineral transformations undergone in the ash under the combustion conditions. The experimental results show higher deposition propensities under oxyfuel conditions; the possible reasons for this are investigated by analyzing the parameters affecting the ash deposition phenomena. Particle size seems to be larger for the Russian coal oxy-fired ash, leading to increased impaction on the deposition surfaces. The chemical and mineralogical compositions do not seem to differ significantly between air and oxyfuel conditions. The differences in the physical properties of the flue gas between air combustion and oxyfuel combustion, e.g. density, viscosity, molar heat capacity, lead to changes in the flow field (velocities, particle trajectory and temperature) that together with the ash particle size shift seem to play a role in the observed ash deposition phenomenaThe work presented was financially supported by the RFCS projects BOFCOM and ECOSCRUB, the Dutch National project CATO2, and the Dutch National program EOS-LT, Consortium Biomass Co-firing. The fine work of Peter Heere in operating the reactor is highly acknowledgedPublicad

Study on ash deposition under oxyfuel combustion of coal/biomass blends

Combustion in an O₂/CO₂mixture (oxyfuel) has been recognized as a promising technology for CO₂capture as it produces a high CO₂concentration flue gas. Furthermore, biofuels in general contribute to CO₂reduction in comparison with fossil fuels as they are considered CO₂neutral. Ash formation and deposition (surface fouling) behavior of coal/biomass blends under O₂/CO₂combustion conditions is still not extensively studied. Aim of this work is the comparative study of ash formation and deposition of selected coal/biomass blends under oxyfuel and air conditions in a lab scale pulverized coal combustor (drop tube). The fuels used were Russian and South African coals and their blends with Shea meal (cocoa). A horizontal deposition probe, equipped with thermocouples and heat transfer sensors for on line data acquisition, was placed at a fixed distance from the burner in order to simulate the ash deposition on heat transfer surfaces (e.g. water or steam tubes). Furthermore, a cascade impactor (staged filter) was used to obtain size distributed ash samples including the submicron range at the reactor exit. The deposition ratio and propensity measured for the various experimental conditions were higher in all oxyfuel cases. The SEM/EDS and ICP analyses of the deposit and cascade impactor ash samples indicate K interactions with the alumina silicates and to a smaller extend with Cl, which was all released in the gas phase, in both the oxyfuel and air combustion samples. Sulfur was depleted in both the air or oxyfuel ash deposits. S and K enrichment was detected in the fine ash stages, slightly increased under air combustion conditions. Chemical equilibrium calculations were carried out to facilitate the interpretation of the measured data; the results indicate that temperature dependence and fuels/blends ash composition are the major factors affecting gaseous compounds and ash composition rather than the combustion environment, which seems to affect the fine ash (submicron) ash composition, and the ash deposition mechanismsThe research work reported in this paper was partly carried out with the financial support from the RFCS contract number RFCRCT- 2006-00010. The very fine work done by Peter Heere in carrying out the experiments is highly acknowledgedPublicad

The Role of Vegetation in Climate Adaptability: Case Studies of Lodz and Warsaw

The threats that arise from climate change and their associated economic, social, and environmental impacts are leading to the transformation of the spatial structures of cities. The growing demand for climate adaptability calls for the development of normative criteria for the design of forms of urban settings that integrate vegetation. Climate-responsive urban design reacts to the challenges of urban physics, which depend heavily on the forms of urban structures and the role of greenery. This method includes research on vegetation indexes and their impact on urban regulatory functions. The goal is to propose a comprehensive framework for assessing the functioning of urban public space, which considers the role and maintenance of green infrastructure. The intersection with the subject matter of analytical urban morphology is evident, in terms of the resolution of the urban fabric and its transformations over time. The framework of climate-responsive urban design also covers examining the parameters of surrounding built structures, such as the floor area ratio, the building coverage ratio, and building heights. In particular, the requirements of climate adaptation have an impact on the design of outdoor spaces in cities. In this article, we apply the selected methods that contribute to the climate-responsive urban design model to recommend the transformations of two urban nodes, in Lodz and Warsaw (Poland). Our goal is to indicate the future form of nodal public spaces with a focus on the needs of urban greenery, and to determine indicators for the local climate zone. After an initial literature review, we discuss a number of available indicators from the perspective of how they might contribute to determine the environmental conditions. We focus on urban water cycle, the requirement of trees for water, and insolation conditions

General diseases and medications in 687 patients reporting on adverse effects from dental materials.

OBJECTIVES Examination of patients claiming adverse effects from dental materials can be very challenging. Particularly, systemic aspects must be considered besides dental and orofacial diseases and allergies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate a cohort of 687 patients reporting on adverse effects from dental materials focusing on findings related to known general diseases or conditions or medication-related findings with relevance to their subjective complaints. METHODS Six hundred eighty-seven patients visiting a specialized consultation on claimed adverse effects from dental materials were retrospectively investigated for their subjective complaints, findings related to known general diseases or conditions, medication-related findings, dental and orofacial findings, or allergies with relevance to their subjective complaints. RESULTS The most frequent subjective complaints were burning mouth (44.1%), taste disorders (28.5%), and dry mouth (23.7%). In 58.4% of the patients, dental and orofacial findings relevant to their complaints could be found. Findings related to known general diseases or conditions or medication-related findings were found in 28.7% or 21.0% of the patients, respectively. Regarding medications, findings related to antihypertensives (10.0%) and psychotropic drugs (5.7%) were found most frequently. Relevant diagnosed allergies toward dental materials were found in 11.9%, hyposalivation in 9.6% of the patients. In 15.1% of the patients, no objectifiable causes for the expressed complaints could be found. CONCLUSIONS For patients complaining of adverse effects from dental materials, findings related to known general diseases or conditions and medications should be given particular consideration, while still in some patients, no objectifiable causes for their complaints can be found. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For patients complaining about adverse effects from dental materials, specialized consultations and close collaboration with experts from other medical fields are eligible