The Justice in Frame: Photographic Narration of Citizenship in the Chicano Movement, 1968-1971

This paper observes four photographs in print that depict moments during the Chicano movement from 1968-1971. Each chosen image is analyzed based on its content and composition in relation to its argument for Citizenship. The framework of the analysis looks at the argument between national and global citizenship and the narratives of citizenship in the movement as communicated through the image. The Chicano movement was heavily photographed and images of marches, picketers, and portraits are abundant. The analysis of images is important because of their lasting cultural impact that they have on the general public, extending beyond the center of the movement itself. Additionally, images play a significant and memorable role in public opinion. My analysis concludes that the form of citizenship conveyed by the Chicano Movement is transcendent of national political borders. I argue that the movement photographs argue that one should not have to abandon their Mexican identity in order to be fully respected as an American citizen

Territorios de paz: otras territorialidades en la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó, Colombia

Los académicos re-teorizan cada vez más sobre lo que es el territorio, trascendiendo el concepto de Estado-nación, debido a las exigencias de los grupos indígenas y afrodescendientes porque se les conceda un ‘territorio’, al verse confrontados con el acaparamiento de tierras en América Latina. Sin embargo, las territorialidades alternativas no se limitan a estos grupos étnicos. Partiendo de una investigación etnográfica de 16 meses, entre 2011 y 2016, exploro la territorialidad relacional generada por la Comunidad de Paz campesina en San José de Apartadó, Colombia. Partiendo del seguimiento al sujeto políticocolectivo producido por la activa generación de paz de la Comunidad de Paz mediante un conjunto de prácticas de espacios, lugares y valores, incluyendo conmemoraciones de masacres, iniciativas de soberanía alimentaria y redes de solidaridad entre indígenas y campesinos, este artículo presenta un marco conceptual para analizar diversas formaciones territoriales

Comunidade de paz: uma paz ‘outra’ em San José de Apartadó, Colombia

Este artículo de investigación problematiza el concepto de paz a partir de su concepción y práctica en la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó, Colombia. Se basa en 16 meses de investigación etnográfica en Colombia entre 2011 y 2016, incluyendo 49 entrevistas con miembros de la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó y otras organizaciones. Al definir y crear la paz, como al negarse a colaborar con los grupos armados y la construcción de comunidad a través del trabajo colectivo esta experiencia campesina encarna una perspectiva activa y empoderada de la paz en lugar de de­pender de lo que deberían hacer el Estado y los grupos armados. En conversación con los nuevos subcampos de estudios de paz en geografía, y las investigaciones sobre Trans-rational peace, se aboga por una conceptualización de paz como la construcción de vida digna en las redes de solidaridad de las comunidades en resistencia que contrarresta las violencias interseccionales de la crisis ecológica de la modernidad.This article problematizes the concept of peace by exploring the conception and practice of peace in the peasant Peace Community of San José de Apartadó, Colombia. This scientific research article is base don 16 months of ethnographic research in Colombia from 2011 to 2016, including 49 interviews with members of the San José de Apartadó Peace Community and other organizations. Given their definition and creation of peace as the refusal to collaborate with the armed groups and as the construction of community through community work, this experience embodies an active and empowered perspective on peace, rather tan depending upon what states or armed actors should do. In conversation with new subfields of peace studies in geography and transrational peace research, the article calls for a conceptualization of peace as the construction of dignified life through the solidarity networks of communities in resistance, which counter the intersectional violences of the ecological crisis of modernity.Este artigo problematiza o conceito de paz a partir de sua concepção e prática na Comunidade de Paz de San José de Apar­tadó, Colômbia. Este artigo de investigação científica baseia-se em 16 meses de investigação etnográfica em Colômbia entre 2011 e 2016, incluindo 49 entrevistas com membros da Comunidade de Paz de San José de Apartadó e outras organizações. Ao definir e criar a paz, como ao se negar a colaborar com os grupos armados e a construção de comunidade através do trabalho coletivo esta experiência camponesa encarna uma perspectiva ativa e empoderada da paz em lugar de depender do que deveriam fazer o Estado e os grupos armados. Em conversa com os novos subcampos de estudos de paz em geografia, e as investigações sobre Trans-rational peace, se defende por uma conceitualização de paz como a construção de vida digna nas redes de solidariedade das comunidades em resistência que neutraliza as violências inter seccionais da crise ecológica da modernidade

The Fight Against Femicide: An Analysis of Globalization Through Instagram in #NiUnaMás and #NiUnaMenos

The #NiUnaMenos movement arose in Argentina in 2013 in response to femicides throughout Latin America. The slogan #NiUnaMas began in the 2000s to fight against femicides in Mexico and the Northern Central American triangle. There have been various studies that have analyzed the role of social media, specifically Facebook and Twitter, in the spread of both movements which aim to fight against femicide. This study intends to investigate how the movement reflects the trends of globalization on Instagram. By using a qualitative critical analysis of Instagram posts under the #NiUnaMás and #NiUnaMenos hashtags, the study analyzes the various types of globalization that each post highlights and discusses

Desindigenizados pero no vencidos: raza y resistencia en la Comunidad de Paz y la Universidad Campesina en Colombia

Integrating scholarship on race as a global structure and Latin American racial formations, I offer an account of racialization in Colombia. This article analyzes the racial dynamics of resistance to extractivism in Colombia’s Universidad Campesina, uniting Indigenous and campesino groups like the Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó. While the dominant race lexicon separates ‘campesinos’ from ‘Indigenous’ and ‘Black’ groups, I argue that the identifier campesino mestizo hides how San José’s farmers were ‘de-indigenized’ yet remain racialized. If racialization works to dominate but also divide the subaltern, then Universidad Campesina participants’ cross-ethnic solidarity network both unveils and counters racism.Integrando teorías sobre la raza como una estructura global y las clasificaciones raciales latinoamericanas, se ofrece una descripción de la racialización en Colombia. Este artículo analiza las dinámicas raciales de la resistencia al extractivismo por parte de la Universidad Campesina de Colombia, que une grupos indígenas y campesinos, como la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó. Mientras que el léxico de la raza dominante separa a los campesinos de los grupos indígenas y negros, sostengo que el identificador campesino mestizo oculta cómo los campesinos de San José fueron desindigenizados pero siguen siendo racializados. Si la racialización funciona para dominar y dividir al subalterno, la red de solidaridad interétnica de la Universidad Campesina revela y contrarresta el racismo

"Memory is the strength of our resistance": A Critical Performance Geography of Peace, Memory, Territory, and Politics in the San José Peace Community, Colombia

This dissertation traces the Peace Community of San José de Apartadó, located in the war-torn Urabá region, Colombia. Since 1997, this group of small-scale farmers has resisted forced displacement, the assassination of 15% of their population, and co- optation by paramilitary, state, and guerrilla forces. In contrast to passive notions of ‘tranquility’ or ‘no war,’ Peace Community members define peace actively as a) refusing to collaborate with any armed group and b) building community. Peace is often associated with state diplomacy and military operations, as in the current negotiations between the Colombian government and FARC guerrillas. Yet the Peace Community demonstrates that peace is an embodied, material, and spatial process that can be produced by non-state actors through everyday ethical practices that cultivate dignified living conditions. To resist the racist-capitalist violence of today’s global land grab, the Peace Community cultivates cash and food crops in work groups on common land, makes decisions in village meetings and general assemblies, and participates in human rights and seed-sharing networks. In so doing, the Peace Community produces an alter- territory: a moving set of spatial practices, places, and values that produce a particular political subject. Furthermore, their memory practices are central to their creation of a communal Peace Community subject. By commemorating assassinated farmers with pilgrimages to massacre sites and stones painted with victims’ names, they nurture internal cohesion, build solidarity with allies, and re-affirm an ethic that rejects retaliatory killing. I call this radical trans-relational peace: dignity and solidarity created through trans-community networks. This dissertation draws from my prior work in San José de Apartadó as a protective accompanier from 2008-2010 as well as 49 interviews conducted during 16 months of fieldwork in Colombia between 2011-2016. Methodologically, this project combines a) structural analysis rooted in feminist geopolitics, critical race theory, and world-systems analysis with b) critical and performance ethnography’s political reflexivity, co-performative witness in the field, and staged performances of ethnographic data. I call this critical and performance geography, a creative, embodied, and ethically-grounded methodology that integrates critical theory and political action research to advance the emergent “pro-peace agenda” in contemporary critical human geography.Doctor of Philosoph

¿Abandonar la revolución o tejer la paz? Migración sur-sur, socialismo y geopolítica decolonial feminista en Suramérica

El presente artículo presenta una geopolítica feminista de la migración venezolana a Colombia sobre venezolanas y venezolanos que, huyendo de la Revolución Bolivariana, se enfrentan a la discriminación y la violencia al buscar establecerse en la Colombia capitalista, sumida en el contexto de un proceso de paz fallido hasta ahora. Los conflictos de migración y nacionalidad permean nuestro orden global de Estados nación soberanos, tanto en las migraciones Norte-Sur como en el sur global, mientras que la feminización y la racialización de los migrantes dividen a las clases subalternas y facilitan la explotación capitalista. Sin embargo, este artículo busca dilucidar las solidaridades internacionales y las luchas por la paz en las organizaciones comunitarias de los migrantes. Iniciativas sociales en la frontera colombo-venezolana —la organización Tejedores de Paz y la Fundación Horizonte de Juventud— unen a inmigrantes de Venezuela con poblaciones colombianas desplazadas internamente o empobrecidas para generar territorios de resistencia contra la xenofobia, el patriarcado y la pobreza. Al demostrar la utilidad de la metodología de la geopolítica decolonial feminista, sigo la reconfiguración del espíritu de la revolución sociopolítica en Suramérica a través de la naciente forma de socialismo feminista no estatal

‘A memória é a força da resistência’: uma outra política por meio da comemoração espacial e encarnada na Comunidade de Paz de San José de Apartadó, Colômbia

Los estudiosos de la memoria han demostrado cómo esta es una práctica encarnada y material con el potencial de generar futuros posibles más justos y que la paz es un proceso politizado y específico al contexto. Sin embargo, ¿cuál es la contribución real del ejercicio de la memoria con base en un lugar a la construcción de paz por parte de los movimientos sociales? La Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó es un grupo de agricultores a pequeña escala con sede en Urabá, región colombiana devastada por la guerra. Este artículo examina las peregrinaciones conmemorativas que los miembros de la Comunidad de Paz realizan a los sitios de masacres y las piedras que pintan con los nombres de las víctimas. Con base en 15 meses de investigación etnográfica en Colombia de 2011 a 2014, por medio de observación participante y la realización de 49 entrevistas, se exploró la relación entre estas prácticas encarnadas en el espacio y la resistencia de la comunidad al desplazamiento forzado, así como su proyecto de construcción de paz. Sostengo que dichas formas de materialización fomentan aspectos fundamentales para la construcción de una “otra política” autonomista que incluye la solidaridad con aliados; la movilización del cuerpo en el espacio para defender la vida y la tierra; reflexión, educación y planeación estratégica continua para fortalecer la cohesión y la organización de la comunidad. Tras integrar los estudios sobre el ejercicio de la memoria, las geografías de paz y los movimientos sociales, describo como las conmemoraciones de las masacres en San José de Apartadó que realiza la Comunidad de Paz, así como las piedras que reúnen, son una demostración del rechazo a la violencia vengativa y en cambio, construyen una política alternativa, transformativa y emancipadora a través de la solidaridad interna y externaMemory scholars have shown that it is an embodied and material practice able to generate fairer possible futures, and that peaces is a politicized, context-specific process. Yet, what is the real contribution of memory to peace building by social movements? The San José de Apartadó Peace Community is a group of small-scaled farmers based in Urabá, a Colombian region devastated by war. This paper is a study of commemorative pilgrimages to massacre sites by community members, and of the stones with the victims’ names painted on them. The authors carried out a fifteen-month ethnographic research in Colombia between 2011 and 2014, following the participant observation methodolog y. They also conducted 49 interviews, and studied the relationship between these space-embodied practices and the community’s resistance to armed conflict, as well as its peace-construction process. I state that such ways of materialization encourage essential aspects for the construction of an autonomist “Other Politics” including solidarity with partners; the movilization of the body in the space to defend life and land; reflection, education and continuous strategic planning to strengthen the community’s cohesion and organization. After integrating the studies on the practice of memory, the geographies of peace and social movements, I describe how the commemoration of massacres in San José de Apartadó by the Peace Community, as well as the stones they collect, express their rejection to vindictive violence. Instead, they build an alternative, transformative and emancipatory politics, on the grounds of internal and external solidarity.Os acadêmicos da memória demonstraram como esta é uma prática encarnada e material com o potencial de gerar futuros possíveis mais justos, e que a paz é um proceso de politização e específico ao contexto. No entanto, qual é a contribuição real do exercício da memória com base em um local à construção de paz por parte dos movimentos sociais? A Comunidade de Paz de San José de Apartadó é um grupo de agricultores a pequena escala com sede em Urabá, região colombiana asolada pela guerra. Este artigo examina as peregrinações comemorativas que os membros da Comunidade de Paz realizam aos sítios de massacres e as pedras que pintam com os nomes das vítimas. Com base em quinze meses de investigação etnográfica na Colômbia de 2011 a 2014, por médio de observação participante e a realização de 49 entrevistas, explorou-se a relação entre estas práticas encarnadas no espaço e a resistência da comunidade à deslocação forçada, bem como seu projeto de construção de paz. Sustento que ditas formas de materialização fomentam aspectos fundamentais para a construção de uma “outra política” localista que inclui a solidariedade com aliados; a mobilização do corpo no espaço para defender a vida e a terra; reflexão, educação e um planejamento estratégico contínuo para fortalecer a coesão e a organização da comunidade. Depois de integrar os estudos sobre o exercício da memória, as geografias de paz e os movimentos sociais, descrevo como as comemorações dos massacres em San José de Apartadó que realiza a Comunidade de Paz, bem como as pedras que reúnem, são uma demonstração da rejeição à violência vingativa e em mudança, constroem uma política alternativa, transformadora e emancipadora através da solidariedade interna e externa.

Community of Peace: Performing Geographies of Ecological Dignity in Colombia

Achieving peace is often thought about in terms of military operations or state negotiations. Yet it also happens at the grassroots level, where communities envision and create peace on their own. The San José de Apartadó Peace Community of small-scale farmers has not waited for a top-down peace treaty. Instead, they have actively resisted forced displacement and co-optation by guerrillas, army soldiers, and paramilitaries for two decades in Colombia’s war-torn Urabá region. Based on ethnographic action research over a twelve-year period, Christopher Courtheyn illuminates the community’s understandings of peace and territorial practices against ongoing assassinations and displacement. San José’s peace through autonomy reflects an alternative to traditional modes of politics practiced through electoral representation and armed struggle. Courtheyn explores the meaning of peace and territory, while also interrogating the role of race in Colombia’s war and the relationship between memory and peace. Amid the widespread violence of today’s global crisis, Community of Peace illustrates San José’s rupture from the logics of colonialism and capitalism through the construction of political solidarity and communal peace.https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/fac_books/1545/thumbnail.jp