Qualité de la viande pour un avenir durable - Qualité sensorielle, normes et solutions innovantes pour le commerce

Publication history: Published - 28 April 2020.This meeting/workshop has been organized by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) in collaboration with the organizers of the 2019 International Congress of Meat Science and Technology (ICoMST). The international UNECE meeting/workshop was focused on sustainable meat quality and standards; the latest developments in the area of eating quality; innovative solutions for sustainable meat trade; food integrity, traceability of meat and blockchain technologies; as well as sustainable solutions to food loss/waste prevention in the meat sector. Presentations of speakers are available on http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=51442

Complete exon sequencing of all known Usher syndrome genes greatly improves molecular diagnosis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Usher syndrome (USH) combines sensorineural deafness with blindness. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive mode. Early diagnosis is critical for adapted educational and patient management choices, and for genetic counseling. To date, nine causative genes have been identified for the three clinical subtypes (USH1, USH2 and USH3). Current diagnostic strategies make use of a genotyping microarray that is based on the previously reported mutations. The purpose of this study was to design a more accurate molecular diagnosis tool.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We sequenced the 366 coding exons and flanking regions of the nine known USH genes, in 54 USH patients (27 USH1, 21 USH2 and 6 USH3).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Biallelic mutations were detected in 39 patients (72%) and monoallelic mutations in an additional 10 patients (18.5%). In addition to biallelic mutations in one of the USH genes, presumably pathogenic mutations in another USH gene were detected in seven patients (13%), and another patient carried monoallelic mutations in three different USH genes. Notably, none of the USH3 patients carried detectable mutations in the only known USH3 gene, whereas they all carried mutations in USH2 genes. Most importantly, the currently used microarray would have detected only 30 of the 81 different mutations that we found, of which 39 (48%) were novel.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Based on these results, complete exon sequencing of the currently known USH genes stands as a definite improvement for molecular diagnosis of this disease, which is of utmost importance in the perspective of gene therapy.</p

BRAF(E600)-associated senescence-like cell cycle arrest of human naevi

Most normal mammalian cells have a finite lifespan(1), thought to constitute a protective mechanism against unlimited proliferation(2-4). This phenomenon, called senescence, is driven by telomere attrition, which triggers the induction of tumour suppressors including p16(INK4a) (ref. 5). In cultured cells, senescence can be elicited prematurely by oncogenes(6); however, whether such oncogene-induced senescence represents a physiological process has long been debated. Human naevi ( moles) are benign tumours of melanocytes that frequently harbour oncogenic mutations ( predominantly V600E, where valine is substituted for glutamic acid) in BRAF(7), a protein kinase and downstream effector of Ras. Nonetheless, naevi typically remain in a growth-arrested state for decades and only rarely progress into malignancy (melanoma)(8-10). This raises the question of whether naevi undergo BRAF(V600E)- induced senescence. Here we show that sustained BRAF(V600E) expression in human melanocytes induces cell cycle arrest, which is accompanied by the induction of both p16(INK4a) and senescence- associated acidic beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) activity, a commonly used senescence marker. Validating these results in vivo, congenital naevi are invariably positive for SA-beta-Gal, demonstrating the presence of this classical senescence-associated marker in a largely growth-arrested, neoplastic human lesion. In growth-arrested melanocytes, both in vitro and in situ, we observed a marked mosaic induction of p16(INK4a), suggesting that factors other than p16(INK4a) contribute to protection against BRAF(V600E)- driven proliferation. Naevi do not appear to suffer from telomere attrition, arguing in favour of an active oncogene-driven senescence process, rather than a loss of replicative potential. Thus, both in vitro and in vivo, BRAF(V600E)-expressing melanocytes display classical hallmarks of senescence, suggesting that oncogene-induced senescence represents a genuine protective physiological process.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62941/1/nature03890.pd

Développement d une microbatterie Li-ion 3D & Étude d une anode de silicium amorphe déposée par LPCVD sur substrat 3D

Depuis l avènement des premiers circuits intégrés, l industrie du semiconducteur s efforce sans cesse de miniaturiser la taille des composants électroniques. La société NXP conçoît depuis plusieurs années des systèmes "sb-SiP" (silicon-based System in Package) qui permettent d intégrer les composants passifs sur une puce passive sur laquelle est montée une ou plusieurs puces actives. Ce concept repose principalement sur la technologie PICS (Passive Integration Connective Substrate) qui permet d intégrer sur silicium des condensateurs de valeurs élevées. Devant le succès et le potentiel de ce procédé, NXP entrevoit de nouvelles applications comme les microbatteries 3D lithium-ion. Dans un premier temps, nous avons effectué une recherche de partenariat afin d acquérir l expertise nécessaire dans la technologie lithium-ion. Les différentes démarches investies nous ont permis de définir plus précisément les briques technologique intervenant dans le développement d une microbatterie 3D sur substrat silicium et d aborder le second axe de ces travaux: l étude d une anode de silicium amorphe déposée par LPCVD (Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition). L objectif de l étude est d évaluer les performances d une anode en silicium amorphe en configuration planaire (2D) et tridimensionnelle (3D).Since the first Integrated Circuits, the Semiconductors industry has innovated in the field of miniaturization at the device level. For several years, NXP company has designed sb-SiP systems (silicon-based System in Package) which allow the insertion of passive components into passive devices on which an active device is mounted. The concept depends upon the PICS technology (Passive Integration Connective Substrate) which allows the integration of capacitors of high values. Considering the achievement of this process, NXP wishes to develop new products as 3D Li-ion microbatteries. At first, we developed a partnership approach in order to acquire competences in lithium-ion technology. The different contacts allow us to define more precisely the technological components needed in order to create a 3D-microbattery on silicon substrate. In a second part, we adress the study of an amorphous silicon thin film anode deposited by LPCVD (Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition). The objective of the study is to measure the electrochemical performances of the amorphous silicon anode on 2D and 3D silicon substrate .CAEN-BU Sciences et STAPS (141182103) / SudocSudocFranceF

La protéine RhoA et ses voies de signalisation (Perspectives d'une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique dans le traitement des cancers du sein agressifs)

Nous avons montré que les inhibiteurs de l'HMG-CoA réductase (statines) utilisés classiquement en clinique comme hypocholestérolémiant préviennent la formation de géranylgéranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) et réduisent la fixation membranaire (=activation) de RhoA ce qui conduit in vitro et in vivo à l'inhibition de prolifération et d'invasion des cellules agressives de cancer du sein. D'autres mécanismes impliqués dans l'activité anti-cancéreuse des statines (action sur les CDKi, les protéases et Wnt-5a) ont été identifiés au niveau moléculaire en utilisant des micro-puces à ADN. Enfin, nous avons montré que les bisphosphonates, qui ont une bio-disponibilité supérieure à celle des statines, préviennent également la fixation membranaire de RhoA ce qui conduit à une diminution de l'invasion et du chémotactisme des cellules cancéreuses. En conclusion, l'inhibition des voies de signalisation dirigées par RhoA semble être une bonne stratégie pour lutter contre les cancers agressifs.We have shown that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) currently used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia prevent the formation of geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) and reduce the membrane localisation (=activation) of RhoA leading to the inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion of aggressive breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Other mechanisms involved in the anticancer activity of statins (action on CDKi, proteases, Wnt-5a) were identified at molecular level using microarray. Finally, we have shown that bisphosphonates, which have a biodisponibility higher than statin, prevent also the membrane localisation of RhoA leading to the reduction of both cell invasion and chemotactic effect of cancer cells. To conclude, the inhibition of RhoA cell signalling pathways seems to be a good strategy to fight aggressive cancers.ROUEN-BU Sciences (764512102) / SudocSudocFranceF

An original methodology for the selection of biomarkers of tenderness in five different muscles

For several years, studies conducted for discovering tenderness biomarkers have proposed a list of 20 candidates. The aim of the present work was to develop an innovative methodology to select the most predictive among this list. The relative abundance of the proteins was evaluated on five muscles of 10 Holstein cows: gluteobiceps, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, Triceps brachii and Vastus lateralis. To select the most predictive biomarkers, a multi-block model was used: The Data-Driven Sparse Partial Least Square. Semimembranosus and Vastus lateralis muscles tenderness could be well predicted (R2 = 0.95 and 0.94 respectively) with a total of 7 out of the 5 times 20 biomarkers analyzed. An original result is that the predictive proteins were the same for these two muscles: µ-calpain, m-calpain, h2afx and Hsp40 measured in m. gluteobiceps and µ-calpain, m-calpain and Hsp70-8 measured in m. Triceps brachii. Thus, this method is well adapted to this set of data, making it possible to propose robust candidate biomarkers of tenderness that need to be validated on a larger population

Molecularly targeted therapies in cancer: a guide for the nuclear medicine physician

International audienceMolecular imaging continues to influence every aspect of cancer care including detection, diagnosis, staging and therapy response assessment. Recent advances in the understanding of cancer biology have prompted the introduction of new targeted therapy approaches. Precision medicine in oncology has led to rapid advances and novel approaches optimizing the use of imaging modalities in cancer care, research and development. This article focuses on the concept of targeted therapy in cancer and the challenges that exist for molecular imaging in cancer care

Effets d'apports de composts de boue et d'ordures ménagères sur la macrofaune lombricienne du sol en conditions de grandes cultures

Titre du Rapport Recherche de bioindicateurs d'impact du recyclage de produits résiduaires organiques en sols cultivés : lien avec la disponibilité de micropolluants organiques et métalliques Rapport d'avancement n°1, 64 p.Before using different solid waste composts at large scale in agricultural fields, it is necessary to prove that these composts do not have harmful effects on soil fauna, especially on earthworms that play important roles in the soil ecosystem. A study was carried out the effect of two particular composts (a municipal solid waste compost (OMG) and a sludge compost (DVB)) on earthworm communities under field conditions. This study was conducted on the “QualiAgro” site (near Paris, France), an agricultural field where these composts are disposed every two years since 6 years and compared to controls (with (T+N) or without (TSA) N fertilisation). Earthworm communities were 2 Ces résultats sont présentés sous la forme d’un article à paraître dans le numéro spécial d’Etudes et Gestion des Sols portant sur les résultats du programme Qualiagro (parution prévue fin 2006) 35 sampled in each treatment at different dates (a month before and then 2, 7, 9 and 13 months after) using mustard extraction followed by a manual sorting. Avoidance tests were carried out under laboratory conditions to determine whether earthworm surface migrations between treatments occurred. OMG had significant and lasting effects increasing earthworm abundances and biomass whereas DVB had limited and transitory positive effects. No effect was observed on species distribution except for TSA where less L. terrestris were sampled. The positive effects observed on abundance were not due to either (i) difference in the number of immature earthworms or to avoidance/attraction of soils with composts. Moreover we found that in OMG (and DVB for one of the date), adults of A. caliginosa species had higher weights. Globally only positive effect on earthworm communities after disposal of these composts were observed. However only OMG seems to have effects that last between two successive applications.Pour la pérennisation de la filière de recyclage des produits résiduaires organiques (PRO) en agriculture, il est nécessaire d’en évaluer les effets tant négatifs que positifs sur la faune du sol. Nous avons réalisé un suivi, temporel des communautés lombriciennes sur un site expérimental de plein champ en conditions de grandes cultures. Sur ce site, on compare des parcelles ayant reçu un compost d’ordures ménagères grises (OMG) ou un compost mélangeant déchets verts et boues de station d’épuration (DV+B) et deux types de parcelles témoin n’ayant pas reçu de compost mais ayant ou non reçu une fertilisation azotée (T+N et TSA). Par ailleurs, des tests d’évitement ont été réalisés au laboratoire pour déterminer le pouvoir répulsif ou attractif de ces épandages de composts pour les vers. L’épandage d’OMG exerce des effets positifs, durables et significatifs sur les communautés lombriciennes (augmentation des effectifs d’une part et augmentation du poids des vers adultes de l’espèce majoritaire) alors que DV+B semble avoir des effets plus limités et moins durables. Aucun des traitements ne semble influencer la structure spécifique de la communauté lombricienne. Pour certaines dates, on a pu déceler des effets attractifs et répulsifs du sol ayant reçu des composts d’OMG et de DV+B respectivement. Ces effets pourraient avoir contribués aux évolutions d’abondance observées. Globalement, on peut affirmer que les épandages de 2 composts dans les conditions expérimentales du site étudié n’ont aucun effet délétère sur les communautés de vers de terre

Involvement of lncRNAs in cancer cells migration, invasion and metastasis: cytoskeleton and ECM crosstalk

Abstract Cancer is the main cause of death worldwide and metastasis is a major cause of poor prognosis and cancer-associated mortality. Metastatic conversion of cancer cells is a multiplex process, including EMT through cytoskeleton remodeling and interaction with TME. Tens of thousands of putative lncRNAs have been identified, but the biological functions of most are still to be identified. However, lncRNAs have already emerged as key regulators of gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional level to control gene expression in a spatio-temporal fashion. LncRNA-dependent mechanisms can control cell fates during development and their perturbed expression is associated with the onset and progression of many diseases including cancer. LncRNAs have been involved in each step of cancer cells metastasis through different modes of action. The investigation of lncRNAs different roles in cancer metastasis could possibly lead to the identification of new biomarkers and innovative cancer therapeutic options