Study of the role of background potassium channels TREK in pain and in morphine analgesia

Les canaux TREK sont des canaux mécano- et thermosensibles appartenant à la famille des canaux potassiques de fond à deux domaines pore, qui jouent un rôle majeur dans l’excitabilité cellulaire. Notre équipe a précédemment montré que les canaux TREK-1 et TRAAK sont des senseurs moléculaires essentiels dans la perception polymodale de la douleur et qu’ils interviennent dans l’excitabilité des nocicepteurs, modulant ainsi le message douloureux.Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j’ai étudié l’implication du canal TREK-1 dans l’activité antalgique de la morphine. Nous avons mis en évidence un couplage fonctionnel entre les canaux TREK-1 et TREK-2 et les récepteurs opioïdes µ et δ. Nous avons également montré que le canal TREK-1 est impliqué dans les effets périphériques et centraux de la morphine. Ces travaux ont permis d’impliquer le canal TREK-1 comme un médiateur de l’analgésie induite par la morphine agissant en aval des récepteurs aux opioïdes. La seconde partie de ma thèse a porté sur l‘étude du rôle du canal TREK-2 dans la perception de la douleur. En étudiant l’impact des canaux TREK-2 sur l’activité des nocicepteurs, j’ai pu montrer que le canal TREK-2 module la perception thermique des nocicepteurs cutanés. Toutefois, l’activité de TREK-2 dans la thermo perception est complémentaire de celle déjà rapportée pour les canaux TREK car, contrairement à TREK-1 et TRAAK, TREK-2 intervient dans la perception de températures non nocives. En conclusion, ces travaux montrent que les canaux potassiques de fond TREK jouent un rôle essentiel dans la perception et la modulation du message douloureux et pourraient être des cibles intéressantes pour le traitement de la douleur.TREK channels are mechano- and thermo-activated channels belonging to the two-pore domains potassium channels family, which play a major role in neuronal excitability and cell firing. Our group previously demonstrated that TREK-1 and TRAAK channels are essential molecular sensors in polymodal pain perception and that they are involved in the excitability of nociceptors, thus modulating the nociceptive message. In the first part of this work, I investigated the implication of TREK-1 channel in the analgesic action of morphine, one of the most used analgesic. We reveal a functional coupling between TREK-1 and TREK-2 channels and opioid receptors µ and δ. We also show that TREK-1 channel is involved in peripheral and central effects of morphine. This work demonstrate that TREK-1 channel, downstream of the µOR, is an important mediator of morphine induced analgesia. During the second part of my work, I investigated the role of TREK-2 channel in pain perception. I assessed the impact of this channel on nociceptors and we reveal that TREK-2 channel modulates thermal perception of cutaneous nociceptors. However, we show that TREK-2 activity in thermal perception complements the one already reported for TREK-1 and TRAAK channels. Whilst TREK-1 and TRAAK are involved in noxious temperatures perception, TREK-2 intervene in non-aversive temperatures detection. Taken together, these results show that background potassium channels TREK are major contributors to pain message perception and transmission and that they might be interesting targets for the treatment of pain

Étude du rôle des canaux potassiques de fond TREK dans la douleur et l'analgésie par la morphine

TREK channels are mechano- and thermo-activated channels belonging to the two-pore domains potassium channels family, which play a major role in neuronal excitability and cell firing. Our group previously demonstrated that TREK-1 and TRAAK channels are essential molecular sensors in polymodal pain perception and that they are involved in the excitability of nociceptors, thus modulating the nociceptive message. In the first part of this work, I investigated the implication of TREK-1 channel in the analgesic action of morphine, one of the most used analgesic. We reveal a functional coupling between TREK-1 and TREK-2 channels and opioid receptors µ and δ. We also show that TREK-1 channel is involved in peripheral and central effects of morphine. This work demonstrate that TREK-1 channel, downstream of the µOR, is an important mediator of morphine induced analgesia. During the second part of my work, I investigated the role of TREK-2 channel in pain perception. I assessed the impact of this channel on nociceptors and we reveal that TREK-2 channel modulates thermal perception of cutaneous nociceptors. However, we show that TREK-2 activity in thermal perception complements the one already reported for TREK-1 and TRAAK channels. Whilst TREK-1 and TRAAK are involved in noxious temperatures perception, TREK-2 intervene in non-aversive temperatures detection. Taken together, these results show that background potassium channels TREK are major contributors to pain message perception and transmission and that they might be interesting targets for the treatment of pain.Les canaux TREK sont des canaux mécano- et thermosensibles appartenant à la famille des canaux potassiques de fond à deux domaines pore, qui jouent un rôle majeur dans l’excitabilité cellulaire. Notre équipe a précédemment montré que les canaux TREK-1 et TRAAK sont des senseurs moléculaires essentiels dans la perception polymodale de la douleur et qu’ils interviennent dans l’excitabilité des nocicepteurs, modulant ainsi le message douloureux.Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j’ai étudié l’implication du canal TREK-1 dans l’activité antalgique de la morphine. Nous avons mis en évidence un couplage fonctionnel entre les canaux TREK-1 et TREK-2 et les récepteurs opioïdes µ et δ. Nous avons également montré que le canal TREK-1 est impliqué dans les effets périphériques et centraux de la morphine. Ces travaux ont permis d’impliquer le canal TREK-1 comme un médiateur de l’analgésie induite par la morphine agissant en aval des récepteurs aux opioïdes. La seconde partie de ma thèse a porté sur l‘étude du rôle du canal TREK-2 dans la perception de la douleur. En étudiant l’impact des canaux TREK-2 sur l’activité des nocicepteurs, j’ai pu montrer que le canal TREK-2 module la perception thermique des nocicepteurs cutanés. Toutefois, l’activité de TREK-2 dans la thermo perception est complémentaire de celle déjà rapportée pour les canaux TREK car, contrairement à TREK-1 et TRAAK, TREK-2 intervient dans la perception de températures non nocives. En conclusion, ces travaux montrent que les canaux potassiques de fond TREK jouent un rôle essentiel dans la perception et la modulation du message douloureux et pourraient être des cibles intéressantes pour le traitement de la douleur

Maternal obesity does not influence human milk protein 15 N natural isotope abundance

International audienceObesity increases protein metabolism with a potential effect on nitrogen isotope fractionation. The aim of this study was to test the influence of obesity on human milk extracted protein 15N natural isotope abundance (NIA) at one month post-partum and to compare human milk extracted protein 15N NIA and bulk infant hair 15N NIA. This cross-sectional observational study involved 16 obese mothers (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg m−2 before pregnancy) matched with 16 normal-weight mothers (18.5 kg m−2 ≤ BMI < 25 kg m−2) for age and pregnancy characteristics. Human milk extracted protein and bulk infant hair 15N NIA were determined by isotope ratio monitoring by mass spectrometry interfaced to an elemental analyser (IRM-EA/MS). No significant difference was found in human milk protein 15N NIA values between obese and normal-weight mothers (8.93 ± 0.48 ‰ vs. 8.95 ± 0.27 ‰). However, human milk protein 15N NIA was significantly lower than bulk infant hair 15N NIA: 8.94 ± 0.38 ‰ vs. 9.66 ± 0.69 ‰, respectively. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that human milk protein 15N NIA measured at one month post-partum is not influenced by maternal obesity. These findings suggest that 15N NIA may be exploited to study metabolism without considering maternal obesity as a confounder

Activation of TREK-1 by morphine results in analgesia without adverse side effects

International audienceMorphine is the gold-standard pain reliever for severe acute or chronic pain but it also produces adverse side effects that can alter the quality of life of patients and, in some rare cases, jeopardize the vital prognosis. Morphine elicits both therapeutic and adverse effects primarily through the same m opioid receptor subtype, which makes it difficult to separate the two types of effects. Here we show that beneficial and deleterious effects of morphine are mediated through different signalling pathways downstream from m opioid receptor. We demonstrate that the TREK-1 K þ channel is a crucial contributor of morphine-induced analgesia in mice, while it is not involved in morphine-induced constipation, respiratory depression and dependence-three main adverse effects of opioid analgesic therapy. These observations suggest that direct activation of the TREK-1 K þ channel, acting downstream from the m opioid receptor, might have strong analgesic effects without opioid-like adverse effects

Higher Leptin but Not Human Milk Macronutrient Concentration Distinguishes Normal-Weight from Obese Mothers at 1-Month Postpartum.

Exclusively breastfed infants born to obese mothers have previously been shown to gain less weight by 1-month postpartum than infants of normal-weight mothers. Our hypothesis is that human milk composition and volume may differ between obese and normal-weight mothers.To compare human milk leptin, macronutrient concentration, and volume in obese and normal-weight mothers. Mother and infant characteristics were studied as secondary aims.This cross-sectional observational study compared 50 obese mothers matched for age, parity, ethnic origin, and educational level with 50 normal-weight mothers. Leptin, macronutrient human milk concentration, and milk volume were determined at 1 month in exclusively breastfed infants. Mother characteristics and infant growth were recorded.Human milk leptin concentration was higher in obese mothers than normal-weight mothers (4.8±2.7 vs. 2.5±1.5 ng.mL-1, p<0.001). No difference was observed between obese and normal-weight mothers in protein, lipid, carbohydrate content, and volume, nor in infant weight gain.Leptin concentration was higher in the milk of obese mothers than that of normal-weight mothers, but macronutrient concentration was not. It remains to be established whether the higher leptin content impacts on infant growth beyond the 1-month of the study period

Non-acidic activation of pain-related Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 3 by lipids

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MACF1 controls skeletal muscle function through the microtubule-dependent localization of extra-synaptic myonuclei and mitochondria biogenesis

International audienceSkeletal muscles are composed of hundreds of multinucleated muscle fibers (myofibers) whose myonuclei are regularly positioned all along the myofiber's periphery except the few ones clustered underneath the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) at the synaptic zone. This precise myonuclei organization is altered in different types of muscle disease, including centronuclear myopathies (CNMs). However, the molecular machinery regulating myonuclei position and organization in mature myofibers remains largely unknown. Conversely, it is also unclear how peripheral myonuclei positioning is lost in the related muscle diseases. Here, we describe the microtubule-associated protein, MACF1, as an essential and evolutionary conserved regulator of myonuclei positioning and maintenance, in cultured mammalian myotubes, in Drosophila muscle, and in adult mammalian muscle using a conditional muscle-specific knockout mouse model. In vitro, we show that MACF1 controls microtubules dynamics and contributes to microtubule stabilization during myofiber's maturation. In addition, we demonstrate that MACF1 regulates the microtubules density specifically around myonuclei, and, as a consequence, governs myonuclei motion. Our in vivo studies show that MACF1 deficiency is associated with alteration of extra-synaptic myonuclei positioning and microtubules network organization, both preceding NMJ fragmentation. Accordingly, MACF1 deficiency results in reduced muscle excitability and disorganized triads, leaving voltage-activated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ release and maximal muscle force unchanged. Finally, adult MACF1-KO mice present an improved resistance to fatigue correlated with a strong increase in mitochondria biogenesis