La Пότνια θηρῶν ou les frontières de l’Autre. Réflexion archéologique sur la signification d’une image homérique en Grèce orientalisante

Les historiens de la religion grecque ont depuis longtemps perçu l’existence d’une divinité des temps préhelléniques d’origine égéo-anatolienne, la maîtresse des animaux, dont le thème iconographique connaît un regain d’intérêt dans différentes productions artistiques du monde grec à la période dite orientalisante (fin VIIIe-milieu VIe siècle av. J.-C.). Dès la fin du XIXe siècle, cette image singulière fut mise en relation directe avec la protectrice du monde sauvage, Artémis, d’après l’expression πότνια θηρῶν, employée par Homère pour qualifier la déesse au chant XXI de l’Iliade. Dès lors, la maîtresse des animaux fut interprétée comme une préfiguration de la déesse Artémis, progressivement assimilée au cours du VIe siècle av. J.-C. à la jumelle olympienne. Ce rapprochement univoque avec la personnalité complexe et ambiguë d’Artémis requiert d’être reconsidéré à la lumière d’un travail contextuel conciliant l’approche iconographique et l’approche archéologique, en s’appuyant en particulier sur une redéfinition du répertoire des images étudiées et une révision de leurs associations cultuelles.Historians of Greek religion have for a long time been aware of the existence of a deity of pre-Hellenic times of Aegean-Anatolian origins, the mistress of animals and in whose iconographic theme there was a resurgence of interest in various artistic productions in the Greek world during the so-called orientalizing period (end 8th – mid 6th century B.C.). In the late 19th century, this particular image was linked to the protector of the wild world, Artemis, following the expression, πότνια θηρῶν, used by Homer in book XXI of the Iliad to describe the goddess. Since then, the mistress of animals has been interpreted as a forerunner of the goddess Artemis, gradually assimilated with the Olympian twin in the 6th century BC. This unequivocal connection with the complex and ambiguous personality of Artemis needs to be reconsidered in the light of a contextual study using both an iconographic and an archaeological approach, relying especially on a redefining of the inventory of the images studied and a review of their cultic associations

Naphthoquinone Derivatives Exert Their Antitrypanosomal Activity via a Multi-Target Mechanism

BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Recently, we reported on a new class of naphthoquinone derivatives showing a promising anti-trypanosomatid profile in cell-based experiments. The lead of this series (B6, 2-phenoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) showed an ED(50) of 80 nM against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and a selectivity index of 74 with respect to mammalian cells. A multitarget profile for this compound is easily conceivable, because quinones, as natural products, serve plants as potent defense chemicals with an intrinsic multifunctional mechanism of action. To disclose such a multitarget profile of B6, we exploited a chemical proteomics approach. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A functionalized congener of B6 was immobilized on a solid matrix and used to isolate target proteins from Trypanosoma brucei lysates. Mass analysis delivered two enzymes, i.e. glycosomal glycerol kinase and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, as potential molecular targets for B6. Both enzymes were recombinantly expressed and purified, and used for chemical validation. Indeed, B6 was able to inhibit both enzymes with IC(50) values in the micromolar range. The multifunctional profile was further characterized in experiments using permeabilized Trypanosoma brucei cells and mitochondrial cell fractions. It turned out that B6 was also able to generate oxygen radicals, a mechanism that may additionally contribute to its observed potent trypanocidal activity. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, B6 showed a multitarget mechanism of action, which provides a molecular explanation of its promising anti-trypanosomatid activity. Furthermore, the forward chemical genetics approach here applied may be viable in the molecular characterization of novel multitarget ligands

Repurposing NGO data for better research outcomes: A scoping review of the use and secondary analysis of NGO data in health policy and systems research

Background Non-government organisations (NGOs) collect and generate vast amounts of potentially rich data, most of which are not used for research purposes. Secondary analysis of NGO data (their use and analysis in a study for which they were not originally collected) presents an important but largely unrealised opportunity to provide new research insights in critical areas including the evaluation of health policy and programmes. Methods A scoping review of the published literature was performed to identify the extent to which secondary analysis of NGO data has been used in health policy and systems research (HPSR). A tiered analytic approach provided a comprehensive overview and descriptive analyses of the studies which: 1) used data produced or collected by or about NGOs; 2) performed secondary analysis of the NGO data (beyond use of an NGO report as a supporting reference); 3) used NGO-collected clinical data. Results Of the 156 studies which performed secondary analysis of NGO-produced or collected data, 64% (n=100) used NGO-produced reports (e.g. to critique NGO activities and as a contextual reference) and 8% (n=13) analysed NGO-collected clinical data.. Of the studies, 55% investigated service delivery research topics, with 48% undertaken in developing countries and 17% in both developing and developed. NGO-collected clinical data enabled HPSR within marginalised groups (e.g. migrants, people in conflict-affected areas), with some limitations such as inconsistencies and missing data. Conclusion We found evidence that NGO-collected and produced data are most commonly perceived as a source of supporting evidence for HPSR and not as primary source data. However, these data can facilitate research in under-researched marginalised groups and in contexts that are hard to reach by academics, such as conflict-affected areas. NGO–academic collaboration could help address issues of NGO data quality to facilitate their more widespread use in research. Their use could enable relevant and timely research in the areas of health policy, programme evaluation and advocacy to improve health and reduce health inequalities, especially in marginalised groups and developing countries

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security

La « sirène » d’Orient en Occident comme exemple de la sélection culturelle des hybrides féminins en Méditerranée orientalisante (viiie-vie siècle av. J.-C.)

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Les Cahiers Plaoutine en ligne sur Agorha : tribut à un savant méconnu

Qui était Nicolas Plaoutine, auteur de quelques articles et de quatre fascicules du Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, dont le nom n’apparaît que fugitivement dans l’historiographie de la céramique grecque ? Aucune biographie détaillée n’existe sur le personnage, et son importance pour la recherche sur l’histoire des vases grecs n’est vraiment connue que de ceux, conservateurs, restaurateurs ou chercheurs de diverses nationalités, qui se sont penchés durant des heures sur les pattes de mouche écrites..

Compte-rendu de la journée d'études du 26 janvier 2018 "Les Antiques à l'épreuve du marteau. Premiers résultats et perspectives du programme Répertoire des ventes d'antiques en France au XIXe siècle"

Le 28 janvier 2018 s'est tenu la journée d'études Les Antiques à l'épreuve du marteau. Premiers résultats et perspectives du programme Répertoire des ventes d'antiques en France au XIXe siècle. Faisant suite à une première rencontre organisée en juin 2014, elle visait à constituer un bilan d'étape du programme en proposant un regard rétrospectif sur les données rentrées dans répertoire numérisé et en se concentrant pour la première moitié du XIXe siècle sur quelques grandes ventes et certains..

Les antiques de Gustave-Adolphe Beugnot (1799-1861). Histoire et fortune d’une collection oubliée

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L’orfèvrerie rhodienne orientalisante (with M. Blet-Lemarquand, A. Coulié, D. Robcis)

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Jean-Baptiste Muret copiste ? L'exemple des vases plastiques de la Tombe d'Isis de Vulci

Fig. 1 - Muret I, pl. 115 Le recueil Monuments antiques dessinés de Jean-Baptiste Muret (1833-1860) est une somme incontournable pour notre connaissance de l'archéologie du XIXe siècle alors en construction en tant que discipline scientifique. Outre les objets des collections françaises passés entre ses mains, le talentueux dessinateur a aussi illustré d'autres œuvres archéologiques auxquelles il ne semble pas avoir eu un accès direct. À la recherche de l'identification de ces objets dessinés..