Hydrogen production by the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima part I: effects of sulfured nutriments, with thiosulfate as model, on hydrogen production and growth

International audienceBackground: Thermotoga maritima and T. neapolitana are hyperthermophile bacteria chosen by many research teams to produce bio-hydrogen because of their potential to ferment a wide variety of sugars with the highest theoretical H-2/glucose yields. However, to develop economically sustainable bio-processes, the culture medium formulation remained to be optimized. The main aim of this study was to quantify accurately and specifically the effect of thiosulfate, used as sulfured nutriment model, on T. maritima growth, yields and productivities of hydrogen. The results were obtained from batch cultures, performed into a bioreactor, carefully controlled, and specifically designed to prevent the back-inhibition by hydrogen. Results: Among sulfured nutriments tested, thiosulfate, cysteine, and sulfide were found to be the most efficient to stimulate T. maritima growth and hydrogen production. In particular, under our experimental conditions (glucose 60 mmol L-1 and yeast extract 1 g L-1), the cellular growth was limited by thiosulfate concentrations lower than 0.06 mmol L-1. Under these conditions, the cellular yield on thiosulfate (Y X/Thio) could be determined at 3617 mg mmol(-1). In addition, it has been shown that the limitations of T. maritima growth by thiosulfate lead to metabolic stress marked by a significant metabolic shift of glucose towards the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Finally, it has been estimated that the presence of thiosulfate in the T. maritima culture medium significantly increased the cellular and hydrogen productivities by a factor 6 without detectable sulfide production. Conclusions: The stimulant effects of thiosulfate at very low concentrations on T. maritima growth have forced us to reconsider its role in this species and more probably also in all thiosulfato-reducer hyperthermophiles. Henceforth, thiosulfate should be considered in T. maritima as (1) an essential sulfur source for cellular materials when it is present at low concentrations (about 0.3 mmol g(-1) of cells), and (2) as both sulfur source and detoxifying agent for H-2 when thiosulfate is present at higher concentrations and, when, simultaneously, the pH(2) is high. Finally, to improve the hydrogen production in bio-processes using Thermotoga species, it should be recommended to incorporate thiosulfate in the culture medium

Apport des nouvelles générations de séquençage pour accéder à la diversité des communautés microbiennes du sol : nécessité d’un ‘pipeline’ bio-informatique pour les biologistes

Communication orale, résuméLa diversité microbienne d’un sol est difficile à caractériser. Ceci s’explique par une accessibilité plus ou moins importante des populations au sein d’une matrice hétérogène et structurée, mais aussi par l’incapacité à résoudre une information constituée de 100 000 à 1 000 000 d’espèces différentes par gramme de sol. Toutefois, récemment, d’importantes avancées en biologie moléculaire ont permis de mieux caractériser la diversité des communautés microbiennes du sol in situ et ce sans a priori. Ainsi, la puissance des nouvelles générations de séquençage comme le pyroséquençage permettent de travailler en haut-débit afin d’obtenir plusieurs dizaines, voire plusieurs centaines de milliers de séquences à partir d’un ADN méta-génomique. De premières études ont déjà été réalisées avec cette technique afin d’aborder la diversité bactérienne des sols. Ces études ont, pour la première fois, permis de quantifier de façon exhaustive la diversité microbienne de sols en termes de richesse spécifique et de démontrer la pertinence, la faisabilité et la robustesse de cette approche. Cette approche est maintenant unanimement reconnue pour sa pertinence et ses potentialités très importantes, et ce afin de déterminer la diversité des microorganismes telluriques. Notre approche consiste en la caractérisation de la diversité taxonomique (bactérienne et fongique) de sols sur des échantillonnages de grande ampleur dans le temps et dans l’espace, avec comme objectifs : (i) de faire un inventaire exhaustif de la diversité microbienne tellurique, (ii) d’évaluer sa distribution spatiale, (iii) de mieux comprendre sa régulation et, (iv) in fine, de pouvoir relier cette diversité en fonctionnement biologique du sol et en services écosystémiques [1-3]. Cependant, l’étude d’un aussi grand nombre d’échantillons va entraîner la production massive de séquences. Ce caractère massif, ainsi que les caractéristiques inhérentes aux séquences obtenues par cette technique requièrent le développement d’outils bioinformatiques adaptés, optimisés et évalués, afin d’analyser rapidement et efficacement ce type de données. Ce nouveau pipeline d’analyse doit tout d’abord être facile d’utilisation et répondre aux attentes des différents utilisateurs, qu’ils soient compétents en bio-informatique, ou novices dans l’analyse de tels jeux de données. Il doit également permettre de gérer un grand nombre de séquences et d’automatiser les grandes étapes d’analyse (prétraitement, filtration, clustérisation, assignation taxonomique, calculs d’indices d’abondance et de diversité, taux de couverture,…). L’ensemble du système devra enfin être transféré sur un serveur de calcul et accessible au travers d’un serveur Web pour être accessible à la collectivité des écologistes microbiens. L’objectif étant de coupler, sur un grand nombre d’échantillons, cette approche avec des mesures d’activités et de faire le lien entre la diversité microbienne et l’aptitude des sols à rendre des services

Can trans-generational experiments be used to enhance species resilience to ocean warming and acidification?

Human-assisted, trans-generational exposure to ocean warming and acidification has been proposed as a conservation and/or restoration tool to produce resilient offspring. To improve our understanding of the need for and the efficacy of this approach, we characterized life-history and physiological responses in offspring of the marine polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica exposed to predicted ocean warming (OW: + 3 degrees C), ocean acidification (OA: pH -0.5) and their combination (OWA: + 3 degrees C, pH -0.5), following the exposure of their parents to either control conditions (within-generational exposure) or the same conditions (trans-generational exposure). Trans-generational exposure to OW fully alleviated the negative effects of within-generational exposure to OW on fecundity and egg volume and was accompanied by increased metabolic activity. While within-generational exposure to OA reduced juvenile growth rates and egg volume, trans-generational exposure alleviated the former but could not restore the latter. Surprisingly, exposure to OWA had no negative impacts within-or trans-generationally. Our results highlight the potential for trans-generational laboratory experiments in producing offspring that are resilient to OW and OA. However, trans-generational exposure does not always appear to improve traits and therefore may not be a universally useful tool for all species in the face of global change

Estimating spatial and temporal variations in solar radiation within Bordeaux winegrowing region using remotely sensed data

International audienceAims: This paper presents a study solar radiation spatial and temporal variations in Bordeaux winegrowing area, for a 20 year period (1986-2005). Methods and results: Solar radiation data was retrieved from the HelioClim-1 database, elaborated from Meteosat satellite images, using the Heliosat-2 algorithm. Daily data was interpolated using ordinary kriging to produce horizontal solar radiation maps at a 500 m resolution. Using a digital elevation model, high resolution daily solar radiation maps with terrain integration were then produced for the period 2001-2005, at a 50 m resolution. The long term (20 years) analysis of solar radiation at low spatial resolution (500 m) showed a west to east decreasing gradient within Bordeaux vineyards. Mean August-to-September daily irradiation values, on horizontal surface, were used to classify Bordeaux winegrowing areas in three zones: low, medium, and high solar radiation areas. This initial zoning was upscaled at 50 m resolution, applying a local correction ratio, based on 2001-2005 solar radiation on inclined surface analysis. Grapevine development and maturation potential of the different zones of appellation of origin of Bordeaux winegrowing area are discussed in relation with this zoning. 2 Conclusions: Solar radiation variability within Bordeaux winegrowing area is mainly governed by terrain slopes and orientations, which induce considerable variations within the eastern part of Bordeaux vineyards. Significance and impact of the study: Solar radiation has a major impact on vineyard water balance, grapevine development and berry ripening. However, irradiation data is seldom available in weather stations records. This paper underline the interest of high resolution cartography of solar radiation, using satellite sensing and terrain effect integration, for agroclimatic studies in viticulture

Amplitude equations for systems with long-range interactions

We derive amplitude equations for interface dynamics in pattern forming systems with long-range interactions. The basic condition for the applicability of the method developed here is that the bulk equations are linear and solvable by integral transforms. We arrive at the interface equation via long-wave asymptotics. As an example, we treat the Grinfeld instability, and we also give a result for the Saffman-Taylor instability. It turns out that the long-range interaction survives the long-wave limit and shows up in the final equation as a nonlocal and nonlinear term, a feature that to our knowledge is not shared by any other known long-wave equation. The form of this particular equation will then allow us to draw conclusions regarding the universal dynamics of systems in which nonlocal effects persist at the level of the amplitude description.Comment: LaTeX source, 12 pages, 4 figures, accepted for Physical Review

Direct Experimental Evidence for Atomic Tunneling of Europium in Crystalline Eu\u3csub\u3e8\u3c/sub\u3eGa\u3csub\u3e16\u3c/sub\u3eGe\u3csub\u3e30\u3c/sub\u3e

Mössbauer-effect and microwave absorption experimental evidence unambiguously demonstrates the presence of slow, ∼450  MHz, tunneling of magnetic europium between four equivalent sites in Eu8Ga16Ge30, a stoichiometric clathrate. Remarkably, six of the eight europium atoms, or 11% of the constituents in this solid, tunnel between these four sites separated by 0.55 Å. The off centering of the atoms or ions in crystalline clathrates appears to be a promising route for producing Rabi oscillators in solid-state materials