Leader versus manager: Lessons from top business executives

Purpose: This article discusses the key differences between leadership and management. It also examines the business organizational executive’s leadership styles of seven selected top executives: Donald Trump, Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Jeff Bezos, Jack Ma, and Tony Fernandez. Research methodology: The methodological approach of the study focuses on the review of published literature postulating on the differences in the characteristics and functions of leadership and management. Results: Findings from the literature review indicate evidence that shows the differences and similarities between these two concepts of leaders and managers or leadership and management. The study also reveals that these top business executives demonstrated the contemporary leadership paradigms of transformational, charismatic, and servant leadership. Limitations: One limitation is the review approach of the paper. The other is the analysis of leadership styles based on those top executives from the business sector. Contributions: The article provides insights into the understanding of the evolvement of organizational management and the preferred leadership styles of top business executives. The findings on the leadership styles of the top business leaders add to the significance of the study

The Internationalization of Higher Education in China: A Case Study of A University

This study focuses on analyzing the internationalization of higher education in a specific university in China during the 13th Five Year Plan Period (2016-2020). The purpose of the research is to collect, classify, and sort literature related to the topic and discuss the development context and implementation status of higher education internationalization. The study uses document analysis and case interviews to conduct a case study of the university. In the document analysis, university affairs materials, subordinate school data statistics, and other relevant documents are examined to understand the current practice of education internationalization of the university. The study then proposes a development path for the university's internationalization, which includes talent training, faculty members, scientific research, and people-to-people exchange. Overall, the study provides insights into the internationalization of higher education in a specific university in China and presents a potential pathway for the university to enhance its global engagement

Internationalization of Higher Education in Shaanxi Province, China: Status Quo and Development Trends

This study focuses on the status quo of internationalization of higher education in China, and explores the current situation and development of higher education internationalization in Shaanxi Province. As one of the important cradles of Chinese civilization, Shaanxi, as the starting point of the ancient Silk Road, has embraced a new opportunity for international exchanges and cooperation in the field of education. The level of internationalization is increasing, universities in Shaanxi actively build platforms for international exchanges and cooperation, open various communication channels, and create opportunities for cooperation. However, the platform and system for communication, as well as ideas, policies and measures, need to be further improved. Based on the research content of higher education internationalization, this essay clarifies the specific forms, summarizes the development trends, and puts forward targeted countermeasures according to the actual situation

Lessons from the Major Leadership Theories in Comparison to the Competency Theory for Leadership Practice

Purpose: This article presents perspectives on the review of eight major theories of leadership in comparison to the competency approach. Also, the definitions, significance, and benefits of the leadership competency concept are also highlighted. Methodology: A review of the various published literature on the major leadership theories, the competency theory, and the related topics on the scope of the study. Results: The findings of the review show the significance and relevance of the leadership competency approach as a viable leadership option for the 21st century- leadership. Leadership for best practice continues to evolve due to the changing leadership landscape. The literature states that newer theories will eventually replace old leadership concepts. Implications: An understanding of the various leadership theories, specifically the competency theory will facilitate in the choice of the adoption of leadership approach. Moreover, employing the appropriate leadership practice in this current knowledge-based era is key to individual and organizational performance

A PREFERRED LEADERSHIP PORTRAIT OF SUCCESSFUL CROSS-CULTURAL LEADERSHIP

Purpose: This article seeks to highlight the significance of the understanding of the cultural dimensions, global leadership attributes, and leadership profiles of the home culture of Malaysia in comparison to the adopted host culture of Canada to incorporate the best cross-cultural leadership practices. It presents the preferred leadership portrait of successful cross-cultural leadership. Findings: Cross-cultural competence has become a considerable important research in the last two decades. Cross-cultural studies on cross-cultural differences in leadership interaction of the home and host cultures of leaders are needed. It is appropriate to consider the preferred leadership portrait that adapts to the cultural dimensions, global leadership attributes, and leadership profiles of the leader’s home and host cultures for effective cross-cultural leadership practice. Research limitations/implications: The findings of this conceptual review paper need further study to validate the application of the adaptation of the cultural dimensions, global leadership attributes, and leadership profiles of the related home and host countries based on the GLOBE study. Practical implications: There are values in the understanding of the application of cross-cultural principles based on cross-cultural research information for cross-cultural leadership adaptation and practices. The knowledge of the related leadership, cultural factors will facilitate cross-cultural understanding and interrelation. Leaders today are to develop the competencies to be effective in the globally connected societies as well. Originality/value: This paper on cross-cultural leadership used findings based on the GLOBE studies as the main text to understand the various cultural factors that have an impact on leadership. The information on the cultural dimensions, global leadership attributes, and leadership profiles of the home and adopted host countries were compared and contrasted to construct the best approach for cross-cultural leadership practices. The concept of the preferred leadership portrait is in congruent to the leadership, sustainability concept that promotes the long term view and progress of leaders, systems, and organizations. JEL Classification: M1

Lessons from the Major Leadership Theories in Comparison to the Competency Theory for Leadership Practice

Objectives: This article presents perspectives on the review of eight major theories of leadership in comparison to the competency approach. Also, the various definitions, significance, and benefits of the leadership competency concept is also highlighted.Methodology: A review of the various published literature on the major leadership theories, the competency theory, and the related topics on the scope of the study. Results: The findings of the review show the significance and relevance of the leadership competency approach as a viable leadership option for the 21st century- leadership. Leadership for best practice continues to evolve due to the changing leadership landscape. The literature states that newer theories will eventually replace old leadership concepts.Implications: An understanding of the various leadership theories, specifically the competency theory will facilitate in the choice of the adoption of leadership approach.Moreover, employing the appropriate leadership practice in this current knowledge-based era is key to individual and organizational performance

21ST CENTURY EMERGING LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES IN MALAYSIAN HIGHER LEARNING INSTITUTIONS

Purpose: This paper explores the 21st-century emerging leadership competencies in a Malaysian higher learning institution. As the forces of change are transforming the leadership landscape, new leadership capabilities are required for the 21st-century evolving globalized environment. Hence, research is needed to determine the key emerging leadership competencies in the higher learning institutions. Findings: The significance of the results were the relevance of the leadership competency concept in the context of higher learning institution, future leaders need competencies for effective leadership, and the core competencies of academic leaders are necessary. Additionally, besides the discussion on the emerging leadership competencies of visioning and strategic thinking, leadership agility, adaptability and change, relationship and collaboration, the new findings from the field data were corporate leadership and cross-cultural competence. Research limitations/implications: This qualitative case study focused on one higher learning institution. At the same time the research also provided the in-depth context-rich information. Practical implications: The knowledge and adoption of the emerging leadership competencies concept would enhance the development of progressive leadership. Originality/value: There is limited study on the emerging leadership competencies in the higher learning institutions. Hence, there is value in this research. The findings were original contributions to knowledge. Also, this study showed the link between the expected attributes of institutional leadership to the dimensions of transformational leadership and the key emerging leadership competencies. JEL Classification: L29

Cultivating emerging leadership competencies for individual and organizational success

Purpose: Leadership is a critical factor for individual and organizational success in today's complex and dynamic business environments. Effective leaders possess a wide range of competencies that enable them to inspire, guide, and influence others to achieve common goals. This study examines the concept of leadership competencies and their roles in fostering individual and organizational success. Research methodology: This methodological approach is based on a review of published literature outlining the significance of the leadership competency concept and the four key emerging leadership competencies for organizational performance. Results: The findings indicate the importance of the competency paradigm, which contributes to the quality of leadership. Specifically, key emerging competencies will provide valuable insights for leaders, human resource professionals, and researchers in the field of leadership development. Limitations: The research review method is based on secondary data; hence, it has its limitations. Owing to the evolving dynamic contextual leadership landscape, some crucial leadership competencies may emerge over time in some geographical organizational contexts. This necessitates a continual study and analysis of the evolving trends in emerging leadership competencies in organizations. Contribution: This study contributes to enhancing insights and knowledge of leadership development. Other concepts discussed include the competency definitions, competency model, skill-based model, and integrative competency framework. Novelty: The research and discussion on the proposed integrative emerging leadership competencies add to the merit of this paper. There is evidence that the competency framework results in individual and organizational performance

A Literature Review of the Early Childhood Education: Developmentally Appropriate Practices (DAP) & Strategies

Early childhood education is a broad, dynamic, and ongoing system that necessitates extensive educational planning and policy support. In terms of management, teacher training, teaching stage, curriculum articulation, and teacher employment, early childhood articulation has developed a complete system and planning system in the United States. However, kindergartens in China ignore children's development laws and characteristics, blindly adopting reading, writing, and calculation as early childhood articulation curriculum goals. The purpose of this review was to synthesize previously published research on evaluation in early childhood education (ECE) in China. To improve our understanding of evaluation in ECE in China and to make comparisons with findings from US studies, the studies covered in this review can be classified as follows: (1) studies concentrating on assessment concepts and aspects in ECE in China & US; (2) studies focusing on developmentally appropriate practices (DAP) & strategies. This paper also reviews the curriculum reform process and demonstrates the reform's strong reliance on Western early childhood education theories and practices. Based on the findings, we proposed directions for future study and practice by stating that evaluation concepts and components need to be defined and characterized more explicitly