Type-Specific HPV Prevalence in Cervical Cancer and High-Grade Lesions in Latin America and the Caribbean: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is a major public health problem in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C), showing some of the highest incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Information on HPV type distribution in high-grade cervical lesions (HSIL) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is crucial to predict the future impact of HPV16/18 vaccines and screening programmes, and to establish an appropriate post-vaccinal virologic surveillance. The aim was to assess the prevalence of HPV types in HSIL and ICC in studies in LA&C. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed a systematic review, following the MOOSE guidelines for systematic reviews of observational studies, and the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Inclusion criteria were at least ten cases of HSIL/ICC, and HPV-type elicitation. The search, without language restrictions, was performed in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS from inception date to December 2009, proceedings, reference lists and consulting experts. A meta-analysis was performed using arc-sine transformations to stabilize the variance of simple proportions. Seventy-nine studies from 18 countries were identified, including 2446 cases of HSIL and 5540 of ICC. Overall, 46.5% of HSIL cases harbored HPV 16 and 8.9% HPV18; in ICC, 53.2% of cases harbored HPV 16 and 13.2% HPV 18. The next five most common types, in decreasing frequency, were HPV 31, 58, 33, 45, and 52. Study's limitations comprise the cross-sectional design of most included studies and their inherent risk of bias, the lack of representativeness, and variations in the HPV type-specific sensitivity of different PCR protocols. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the broadest summary of HPV type distribution in HSIL and ICC in LA&C to date. These data are essential for local decision makers regarding HPV screening and vaccination policies. Continued HPV surveillance would be useful, to assess the potential for changing type-specific HPV prevalence in the post-vaccination era in Latin America

International lower limb collaborative (INTELLECT) study: a multicentre, international retrospective audit of lower extremity open fractures

Trauma remains a major cause of mortality and disability across the world1, with a higher burden in developing nations2. Open lower extremity injuries are devastating events from a physical3, mental health4, and socioeconomic5 standpoint. The potential sequelae, including risk of chronic infection and amputation, can lead to delayed recovery and major disability6. This international study aimed to describe global disparities, timely intervention, guideline-directed care, and economic aspects of open lower limb injuries

Voltage sag source location: a new method based on voltage information

This paper presents a comprehensive review on the proposed methods based on voltage and current values for the location of the source of voltage sags. An alternative method to locate the sag source when just voltage values are available is introduced. The methods are applied to locate the sag source for a set of simulated cases. The simulations are performed using PSCAD/EMTDC on the model of a regional network including transmission and sub-transmission levels. The results are evaluated to analyze the coherence of the methods and point out their strengths and imitations

Voltage sag source location methods performance under symmetrical and asymmetrical fault conditions

When several utilities operate interconnected power systems, a voltage sag generated in the grid of one utility may affect the loads connected to other utilities. From this point of view, it has become a crucial issue to identify the location of the source of a voltage sag. This paper describes and compares the methods for voltage sag source location. The methods are applied to locate the source of voltage sags considering symmetrical and asymmetrical faults. Radial and meshed areas are also analyzed. The results show that the available methods are not totally reliable and more research is needed to extend the location methods to meshed systems

Voltage sag source location: a new method based on voltage information

This paper presents a comprehensive review on the proposed methods based on voltage and current values for the location of the source of voltage sags. An alternative method to locate the sag source when just voltage values are available is introduced. The methods are applied to locate the sag source for a set of simulated cases. The simulations are performed using PSCAD/EMTDC on the model of a regional network including transmission and sub-transmission levels. The results are evaluated to analyze the coherence of the methods and point out their strengths and imitations

Evidence for homologous recombination in Chikungunya Virus

Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus, causes acute fever and joint pain in humans. Recently, endemic CHIKV infection outbreaks have jeopardized public health in wider geographical regions. Here, we analyze the phylogenetic associations of CHIKV and explore the potential recombination events on 152 genomic isolates deposited in GenBank database. The CHIKV genotypes [West African, Asian, East/Central/South African (ECSA)], and a clear division of ECSA clade into three sub-groups (I-II-III), were defined by Bayesian analysis; similar results were obtained using E1 gene sequences. A nucleotide identity-based approach is provided to facilitate CHIKV classification within ECSA clade. Using seven methods to detect recombination, we found a statistically significant event (p-values range: 1.14×10-7-4.45×10-24) located within the nsP3 coding region. This finding was further confirmed by phylogenetic networks (PHI Test, p=0.004) and phylogenetic tree incongruence analysis. The recombinant strain, KJ679578/India/2011 (ECSA III), derives from viruses of ECSA III and ECSA I. Our study demonstrates that recombination is an additional mechanism of genetic diversity in CHIKV that might assist in the cross-species transmission process.Fil: Casal, Pablo E.. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Chouhy, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Bolatti, Elisa Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Perez, Germán R.. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Stella, Emma Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Giri, Adriana Angelica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentin

Viral Metagenomic Data Analyses of Five New World Bat Species from Argentina: Identification of 35 Novel DNA Viruses

Bats are natural reservoirs of a variety of zoonotic viruses, many of which cause severe human diseases. Characterizing viruses of bats inhabiting different geographical regions is important for understanding their viral diversity and for detecting viral spillovers between animal species. Herein, the diversity of DNA viruses of five arthropodophagous bat species from Argentina was investigated using metagenomics. Fecal samples of 29 individuals from five species (Tadarida brasiliensis, Molossus molossus, Eumops bonariensis, Eumops patagonicus, and Eptesicus diminutus) living at two different geographical locations, were investigated. Enriched viral DNA was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq, and the reads were trimmed and filtered using several bioinformatic approaches. The resulting nucleotide sequences were subjected to viral taxonomic classification. In total, 4,520,370 read pairs were sequestered by sequencing, and 21.1% of them mapped to viral taxa. Circoviridae and Genomoviridae were the most prevalent among vertebrate viral families in all bat species included in this study. Samples from the T. brasiliensis colony exhibited lower viral diversity than samples from other species of New World bats. We characterized 35 complete genome sequences of novel viruses. These findings provide new insights into the global diversity of bat viruses in poorly studied species, contributing to prevention of emerging zoonotic diseases and to conservation policies for endangered species.Fil: Bolatti, Elisa María. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET). Grupo Virología Humana; Argentina.Fil: Bolatti, Elisa María. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Virología; Argentina.Fil: Viarengo, Gastón. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Rosario. DETx MOL S.A; Argentina.Fil: Zorec, Tomaž M. University of Ljubljana. Faculty of Medicine. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Slovenia.Fil: Cerri, Agustina. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET). Grupo Virología Humana; Argentina.Fil: Montani, María E. Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Dr. Ángel Gallardo”; Argentina.Fil: Montani, María E. Miguel Lillo 251; Argentina.Fil: Montani, María E. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Programa de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (PIDBA); Argentina.Fil: Hošnjak, Lea. University of Ljubljana. Faculty of Medicine. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Slovenia.Fil: Casal, Pablo E. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Virología; Argentina.Fil: Bortolotto, Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Estadística y Procesamiento de Datos; Argentina.Fil: Di Domenica, Violeta. Miguel Lillo 251; Argentina.Fil: Chouhy, Diego. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET). Grupo Virología Humana; Argentina.Fil: Chouhy, Diego. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Virología; Argentina.Fil: Chouhy, Diego. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Rosario. DETx MOL S.A; Argentina.Fil: Allasia, María Belén. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Estadística y Procesamiento de Datos; Argentina.Fil: Barquez, Rubén M. Miguel Lillo 251; Argentina.Fil: Barquez, Rubén M. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Programa de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (PIDBA); Argentina.Fil: Poljak, Mario. University of Ljubljana. Faculty of Medicine. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Slovenia.Fil: Giri, Adriana Angélica. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET). Grupo Virología Humana; Argentina.Fil: Giri, Adriana Angélica. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Virología; Argentina

A preliminary study of the virome of the South American free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) and identification of two novel mammalian viruses

Bats provide important ecosystem services as pollinators, seed dispersers, and/or insect controllers, but they have also been found harboring different viruses with zoonotic potential. Virome studies in bats distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America have increased dramatically over the past decade, whereas information on viruses infecting South American species is scarce. We explored the virome of Tadarida brasiliensis, an insectivorous New World bat species inhabiting a maternity colony in Rosario (Argentina), by a metagenomic approach. The analysis of five pooled oral/anal swab samples indicated the presence of 43 different taxonomic viral families infecting a wide range of hosts. By conventional nucleic acid detection techniques and/or bioinformatics approaches, the genomes of two novel viruses were completely covered clustering into the Papillomaviridae (Tadarida brasiliensis papillomavirus type 1, TbraPV1) and Genomoviridae (Tadarida brasiliensis gemykibivirus 1, TbGkyV1) families. TbraPV1 is the first papillomavirus type identified in this host and the prototype of a novel genus. TbGkyV1 is the first genomovirus reported in New World bats and constitutes a new species within the genus Gemykibivirus. Our findings extend the knowledge about oral/anal viromes of a South American bat species and contribute to understand the evolution and genetic diversity of the novel characterized viruses