Associates and Determinants of the MGNREGA: An Indian Case Study of Rural Transformation

Purpose: The study sought to investigate the various types of employees who took part in the MGNREGA programme. According to the findings, the employment scenario is determined by economic status, social group, education, gender, family size, and land holdings. Approach/Methodology/Design: A micro-level analysis was conducted along the dichotomies of various variables to consider the associates and determinates of labour participation in MGNREGA. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze data from the survey's various indicators. Findings: The employment scenario is determined by economic status, social group, education, gender, family size, and land holdings. MGNREGA is more appealing to households that belong to a disadvantaged community, have a low level of education, or have a large family. Increased working days with efficient work in rural areas are needed to serve all areas. Originality/value: The traditional model of joint households in rural areas is being broken as a result of the program's implementation, as a proportion of work cards are held by smaller families. The educational level of the beneficiaries has been discovered to be lower. According to the results, the socio-economic condition of households regularly working under the MGNREGA scheme is extremely poor in rural areas

Cost Analysis of a Compound System with the Concept of Waiting

In this research paper the authors, Suppose a compound system having two sub-systems namely ‘P’ and ‘Q’ connected in chain. Sub-system ‘P’ consists of n unlike units in chain, while sub-system ‘Q’ consists of m like units chain. The compound system is subjected to minor failure, major failure critical human failure and common cause failure. Keywords – Asymptotic behavior, Availability of function, Abel lemma, Cost function and Supplementary variable technique.

Operational Readiness of a Complex System under Different Weather Conditions

The authors have considered a complex system composed of single repairable unit and operating in ‘n’ multiple environmental conditions. The system may either go to complete breakdown shape due to common cause failure or it may go to any one of the abnormal weather operation states. The system is repairable from the degraded state. The failed system is assumed to be repaired back to its normal weather and abnormal weather operation states. Keywords: Availability/Reliability Analysis, Repairable Parallel System, Laplace transform, Ergodic system , Abel Lemma, supplementary variable technique and Steady- state behavior

Spontaneous symphysiotomy: rare case review

We present here a rare case of spontaneous symphysiotomy. In the case patient came with post-partum hemorrhage with severe pain in groin region, on clinical and pelvic examination there was a gap in pelvic syphysis which further confirmed by pelvic X-ray

Measures of Different Reliability Parameters for a Complex Redundant System Under Head-of-Line Repair

The authors have considered a complex system consisting of two subsystems designated as ‘A’ and ‘B’ connected in series. Subsystem ‘A’ consists of N non-identical units in series, while the subsystem ‘B’ consists of three identical components in parallel redundancy. Keywords: Availability/Reliability Analysis, Repairable Parallel System, Laplace transform, cost profit function, Head-of-line Repair

Sol-gel Synthesis and Characterisation of NanocrystallineYttrium Aluminum Garnet Nanopowder

The synthesis of  yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) (Y3 Al5O12) nanopowder was carried outby sol-gel method. Y(NO3)3.6H2O, Al(NO3)3.9H2O in the presence of citric acid as complexing agent were used as starting materials. YAG nanopowder was characterised by FTIR, TGA, andXRD. To get phase-pure nanocrystalline YAG powder at relatively lower temperature, calcinationat various temperatures was studied and calcination temperature was optimised. Particle size,estimated by XRD using Scherrer's equation, was found to be 28Œ35 nm which was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The particle morphology was studied by SEM.Defence Science Journal, 2008, 58(4), pp.545-549, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.58.167

SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR IN KITCHEN IS LIABLE TO FAT ACCUMULATION AND CARDIO-METABOLIC RISK

ABSTRACTObjective: Sedentary habits are considered one of the most important reasons for various cardiovascular complication and risks. Taking into thisaccount the objective of the present study was to to explore the empirical association between accumulation of fat and heart health status among nonsedentaryand sedentary habits in kitchenof our modernized society.Method: The current study included 100 women (22-40 years old). Workers who met the inclusion criteria were assigned in to two groups: Group (I)Non-sedentary workers (n-58) and Group (II) - sedentary workers (n-42). Commonly, workers which used to do simple movement work in kitchenwere considered as control and which mostly worked at one place in kitchen for more than 6-hours of total working schedule (8–hours). were includedin sedentary workers, Anthropometric measurement like body fat ( (%waist circumference(WC), waist hip (WH) ratio, and heart rate variability(HRV)were measured and analyzed by the independent student ʻtʼ test, followed by Pearson correlation and Linear regression.Result: we observed, there was significant increase in body fat ( (%, WC, WH ratio and sympathetic dominance among sedentary participants whencompare to non-sedentary participants. There was significant negative correlation between LF and HF, body fat and HF, as well as WH ratio and HF,and significant positive correlation between body fat and LF as well as WH ratio and LF. Conclusion: These results suggest that sedentary behaviour in kitchen is associated with accumulation of adiposity and alteration of sympatho-vagalbalance, may lead to cardiometabolic risk in adult women.Key words: Body fat distribution, Heart rate variability, Sedentary habit, physical activity

Assessment of Malnutrition in Pre-School children visiting immunization clinic, Maharana Bhoopal Hospital, Udaipur (Rajasthan)

Background: The pre-school age groups (2-5years) were evaluated for growth and nutritional status at immunization clinic at Maharana Bhoopal hospital, Udaipur. Objectives: To study the malnutrition in pre-school children. Material & Methods: The cross sectional study had been carried out between august 2013 to November 2013 with 1080children at immunization clinic Maharana Bhoopal Hospital Udaipur. Body weight, height were recorded including with age, gender and also education and occupation and socio-economic status of mother by interviewing the mother at the time they attended the immunization clinic and by the help of MAMTA CARD. Result: The age and sex distribution of 1080 examined children revealed that 52.8% were males while 47.2% were females. The malnutrition in the subjects was determined as per World Health Organization child growth standards [1]. Data reveals that 4.2% of male children, 4.1% of female children were severely stunted and 10.7% of male children, 11.2% of female children were stunted. Whereas 3.1% of male children, 4.7% of female children were found to be severely wasted and 11.4% of male children, 12.3% of female children were wasted. Also found that 7.5% of male children, 7.6% of female children were overweight and 1.9% of male children, 1.0% of female children were obese. Conclusion: There is need of more education about nutrition and dietary habits to population including proper antenatal and postnatal care of mother to decrease the prevalence of malnutrition in children

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic